Cost of ownership model

Evaluation of alternative SCF cleaning strategies using a cost-of ownership model developed by Autoclave... 

Comparison of a supercritical carbon dioxide cleaning system with two non-carbon dioxide systems using the SEMATECH cost-of-ownership model. 

The authors would like to thank Roger Hoffman from CEB A Vision Inc., Duluth, GA for his assistance and helpful comments and Laura Rothman and Mike H. S. Tseng of IBM for their contribution to the SEMATECH cost of ownership model. 

The old scrubber technique is in fact very attractive for post-CMP cleaning as the same mechanical effect is active for all the materials present at the surface (insulators, metal barriers). Doubled-sided scrubbers for cleaning the frontside and the backside of the wafer and lateral brushes to take care of the wafer side are now proposed on the market. Furthermore, the implementation of megasonic sprays in the scrubber can sometimes help for difficult cases. The major limitation is in terms of cost of ownership (COO) as a single-wafer process is involved. Indeed according to Witt et al. [17] who used the standard SEMATECH COO model, brush cleaning is more than three times more expensive than wet cleaning, which was confirmed by other economic studies [18]. 

The complexity and expense of fab construction and operation have led to the development of detailed models for the cost-of-ownership of tools and usage of consumables. These models often call for the subcontracting of services to specialized firms. Such services include front-end processes such as siliddation and ion implantation, and back-end processes such as assembly, electrical test, and packaging. Foundry manufacturers such as Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (TSMC) and Singapore s Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing represent successful examples of this trend. 

Many of the equipment vendors have developed cost of ownership (COO) models, some traceable, at lease in part, to SEMATECH. These COO models may be used to account for all aspects of amortized costs and provide a user with a highly accurate anticipated cost schedule. At a minimum a COO model should include the cost of the system, utilities, facilitization, mean-time-between-failures, mean-time-to-repair, preventative maintenance, personnel, all consumable safety costs (including that of required support equipment), reactant, and substrate costs. Each of these parameters" should be well defined and guaranteed, and the user of such models should precisely understand how up-time, mean-time-to-repair, and other terms are defined. A 90% uptime schedule is useless if the system is routinely defined to be out of service, for maintenance, 25 % of the time. 

To assist companies in the make-buy decision it is normally necessary for companies to have a framework by which they can understand the opportunity costs and risks of insourcing or outsourcing activities. A formalised process will normally assess the current internal costs of ownership against the external costs of ownership. More advanced models may well try to understand deskilling, the loss of critical assets and post-contractual lock-in and moral hazard over time if activities are outsourced. 

Referring to Figure 9.5, we can see a model that will help initiate the preliminary conversations with the selected suppliers — the total cost of ownership. The usual focus with any buy-sell share session is placed on the invoice price and how it can be improved. Freight is separated from the part or supply cost so a focus can be placed on both of these elements. In SRM, the focus moves higher to measure the total value that suppliers provide. Above the usual base line, we find a category marked execution costs. Here attention is on the costs associated with making the purchases, handling the accounts payable, systems administration, and the delivery mechanisms. 

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Such a camera API should provide information about the vendor, camera model, sensor type, calibration information and availability of feature control. The API also specifies methods for control the mode of operation, image format and certain other camera parameter. A camera API can be implemented at either end of the camera interface. This choice depends on available mounting space, component-cost considerations and cost of ownership. 

The lithography community has taken an active interest in BCs in part due to their ability to form nanoscopic features over large areas, simple processing, and low cost of ownership. A typical process flow for BC lithography is shown in Figure 25.3 and some examples of block copolymers used in BC patterning are shown in Table 25.1. Traditionally, poly(styrene-Z /ocA -methylmethacrylate), (PS-Z -PMMA) has been used as a model system for study... 

Since the characteristics of vaccines can be well specihed, quality can be (and is) monitored, and the potential for quality improvement is high, their model implies that private enterprise is likely to be more efficient in the vaccine industry too. Indeed, in a later paper, Shleifer (1998) concluded that private ownership should generally be preferred to public ownership when the incentives to innovate and to contain costs must be strong— A good government that wants to further social goals would rarely own producers to meet its objectives. ... 

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