Project Objective

The objective of this project is to identify the safety improvements related to shutdown and low power operating modes which were undertaken in different OECD countries. Special attention was paid both to different methods which are regularly applied to assess the safety in shutdown and to the results and findings which were used as a basis for identification and implementation of the safety 

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The Kohonen network or self-organizing map (SOM) was developed by Teuvo Kohonen [11]. It can be used to classify a set of input vectors according to their similarity. The result of such a network is usually a two-dimensional map. Thus, the Kohonen network is a method for projecting objects from a multidimensional space into a two-dimensional space. This projection keeps the topology of the multidimensional space, i.e., points which are close to one another in the multidimensional space are neighbors in the two-dimensional space as well. An advantage of this method is that the results of such a mapping can easily be visualized. 

A successful tolling project depends upon defining the project objectives at the outset and clearly communicating those objectives. The objectives take into account the rights and expectations of both the toller and the client. Specifics such as ownership, specifications, timing, regulatory requirements, product quality, and documentation are considered. Each project or process is unique and consequently the agreements reached between the parties and the... 

Define what needs to be measured to satisfy the project objectives... 

Further project evaluation (post-project appraisal) should be based on project objectives. Therefore, the main objectives must be explicitly defined in the preliminary study of any project. For many restoration projects, no clear objectives were ever formulated and consequently it is not really possible to assess their final success. The objectives should include elements of the environment/ecology, the economy and society. According to Reichert et al. [12], objectives can be divided into fundamental objectives (directly related to what a decision maker would like to achieve) and means objectives (leading to the accomplishment of fundamental objectives). Fundamental objectives are structured hierarchically. In the Rhone-Thur project, we used a hierarchy of fundamental objectives [12,13] that can be used for other restoration projects (Fig. 3). 

In addition to the implementation process, evaluation of the project s success is the core of a restoration project. However, many projects do not take this final check, which is a prerequisite for adaptive management, into consideration. Bernhardt et al. [23] found that only 10% of project records (out of 37,099 projects) indicated that any form of assessment or monitoring was carried out. In most European countries, the estimated proportion of success evaluation is in the same range or even lower. Project evaluation through systematic data collection serves to verify whether the project objectives that were defined during the planning phase have been achieved [24]. Therefore, project evaluation is the process of examining the... 

Because indicators for monitoring should be selected according to project objectives, each project has an individual set of indicators belonging to different indicator categories. In the evaluation procedure developed for the Rhone-Thurproject, 17 different indicator categories with a total of 49 indicators were proposed [3]. 

Several features are worth noting In excerpt 11 A. First, consider the Proposal Instructions. In addition to a title, the Instructions ask for (In no more than two pages) a statement of project objectives, a summary of previous work, a description of the proposed work, and an explanation of why the work Is relevant. These four Items typify the content requested In most proposals. Second, consider the proposal Itself. What writing components did you notice as you read the excerpt Below we highlight some of the components that are addressed in this module. Additional features are highlighted in exercises 11.2-11.8. 

Lists are common in research proposals. They are used to delineate project objectives (chapter 12) and expected outcomes (chapter 14). 

Lists are commonly used in research proposals (not journal articles) to (1) identify project objectives and goals and (2) describe proposed methods. Lists are often used in posters to describe methods and procedures, summarize results, discuss findings, and offer concluding remarks. When used, lists need to be formatted in a parallel fashion. The following components of each list must be parallel ... 

CRYOPLANE "Liquid Hydrogen Fuelled Aircraft-System Analysis". Coals A large consortium of companies, research institutions and universities of 11 European countries, co-ordinated by Daimler-Chrysler Aerospace Airbus CmbH, in which the Spanish participation was held by CASA and the Polytechnics University of Madrid, run this project. The project objective considered liquid hydrogen as the only known fuel suitable for aviation to be produced from renewable energy sources and offering extremely low pollutant emissions. 

Many of the standard principles of managerial control are of course relevant to a project. Milestones and targets by which you can judge whether or not project objectives are satisfactorily on the road to attainment need to be set. Reports on progress need to be called for. But any attempt at a mechanistic approach to control would be quite inappropriate for ambiguous, uncertain tasks in a dynamic context, when it is hard to specify in advance which elements to control and how to do so . (Boddy and Buchanan, 1992). 

While deciding-as-you-go-along is often a valid way of proceeding, it can place testing calls on the project leader s powers to keep collaborators in line and the project on course. Deadlines can be argued to have been unrealistic. Whether a task has been completed satisfactorily or not may be open to wide interpretation. These are issues that then need to be discussed and negotiated in the light of project objectives. 

The project objectives, roles, and responsibilities were unclear. 

An important aspect of studying high-latitude environmental dynamics is assessment of the impact of potential anthropogenic climate warming. In this context Frederick (1994) formulated the key issues to be considered when integrating assessments of the impact of climate change on natural resources. Specific project objectives include... 

Planning is the most critical phase of the data collection process as it creates a foundation for the success of the implementation and assessment phases. Two major tasks of the planning phase, as shown in Figure 2.1, are Task 1—Data Quality Objectives Development and Task 2—Sampling and Analysis Plan Preparation. The SAP summarizes the project objectives and requirements for environmental chemical data collection. 

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