Material objectivity

Ownership of the copyright in a work is distinct from ownership of the material object, ie, the copy or phonorecord, in which the copyrighted work is embodied. The transfer of one does not constitute transfer of the other. Eor example, if a painter sells his or her painting, ie, the material object, such as canvas and oils, the painter does not automatically transfer the copyright in it sale of that copyright, so as to allow reproduction of the oil painting in printed posters, does not transfer the material object. 

Polyacrylamide (pAM) and copolymers of acrylamide are used on a large scale in waste water treatment and other industrial applications. All of these reasons show that the production and use of polyacrylamide (pAM) and copolymers of acrylamide are a material objective. 

As a result of simultaneous introduction of elastic, viscous and plastic properties of a material, a description of the actual state functions involves the history of the local configuration expressed as a function of the time and of the path. The restrictions, which impose the second law of thermodynamics and the principle of material objectivity, have been analyzed. Among others, a viscoplastic material of the rate type and a strain-rate sensitive material have been examined. 

There are two kinds of substances—elements and compounds. Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means. Elements cannot be made by the combination of simpler substances. There are slightly more than 100 elements, and every material object in the universe consists of one or more of these elements. Familiar substances which are elements include carbon, aluminum, iron, copper, gold, oxygen, and hydrogen. 

A different reason for appropriating a material object comes from the kauri (Agathis alba) and merkus (Pinus merkusii) pine forests of Malaysia. Local people collect soft resin from these trees and sell it as a cash crop. Under the name Malay damar, this exudate is exported as a valued ingredient for high quality varnishes. 

Controls are required for ignition sources that may be carried into a hazardous area. These ignition sources include any material, object, or device that is potentially incendiary or capable of producing a spark. 

Spectral analysis shows quite clearly that the various types of atoms are exactly the same on Earth as in the sky, in my own hand or in the hand of Orion. Stars are material objects, in the baryonic sense of the term. All astrophysical objects, apart from a noteworthy fraction of the dark-matter haloes, all stars and gaseous clouds are undoubtedly composed of atoms. However, the relative proportions of these atoms vary from one place to another. The term abundance is traditionally used to describe the quantity of a particular element relative to the quantity of hydrogen. Apart from this purely astronomical definition, the global criterion of metallicity has been defined with a view to chemical differentiation of various media. Astronomers abuse the term metaT by applying it to all elements heavier than helium. They reserve the letter Z for the mass fraction of elements above helium in a given sample, i.e. the percentage of metals by mass contained in 1 g of the matter under consideration. (Note that the same symbol is used for the atomic number, i.e. the number of protons in the nucleus. The context should distinguish which is intended.)... 

The ancient teachers used as a material object-lesson to their pupils a simple conlrivance which we raw Itnovr in a perfected form as the "Magic Lantern," either in its simple lumt, or ebe in tbe moving picture apparatus." The teachers would project upon a plane surface the reflection of a de sign Or picture which was passed in Ironl of i concentrated light—the reflection being reproduced on... 

Once we understand that the [material] objects are but the instruments the artist selects to use in search of the Spirit, it is of no [further] interest... 

Analytical chemistry is interested in information that can be obtained from material objects or systems. In more down to the earth terms this means that analytical chemists try to tell something new about objects, goods, bulk material or material systems. The way they obtain this information changes with the problem. In most cases they try to get the information from the qualitative or quantitative composition. A vast array of instruments and methods is to their disposition but most of them have one thing in common their size is limited and the way they obtain information is destructive. That means that as a rule the analytical chemist cannot or will not use the whole object in his analysis machine, but that he uses only a small part of the object. In practice this fraction can be very small the amount of material introduced in the analytical method rarely exceeds 1 g, but as a rule is not more than 0.01 to 0.1 g. This can be part of a shipload of ore, say 10 g, or a river, transporting 10 -10 g water/day. In many instances this fraction is larger, but a fraction of the object to be analyzed of 10 -10 is common practice. 

The current paradigm in chemistry celebrates the existence of physical entities called chemical atoms (now known simply as atoms). John Dalton (1766-1844) looked at the material world in which he hved and visualized it in terms of a set of different material objects of small size and combining capacity (7). He called these particles atoms in his New System of Chemical Philosophy (1808). Others, such as Humphry Davy (1778-1829), were not yet willing to see the world in this way. Dalton combined both a partictrlar theory of nature and specific observatiorrs to arrive at his views. The present paper will examine some episodes in the history of chemistry that enabled other chemists to see atoms as appropriate chemical constituents of our world. The view of what constitutes a chemical atom has changed during the time period from 1808 to 2008, but the common theme requires a context in which actual measurements can be viewed as evidence for atoms. ... 

If you have a particle or a field of some kind whose interaction with material objects varies with their constitution, the chances are that you will be able to fashion a microscope from the phenomenon. (John Maddox 1985)... 

I o describe a material object, we can quantify any number of properties, 1 but perhaps the most fundamental property is mass. Mass is the quantitative measure of how much matter a material object contains. The greater the mass of an object, the greater amount of matter in it. A gold bar that is twice as massive as another gold bar, for example, contains twice as many gold atoms. 

Recent decades have witnessed a sharply growing demand for information. This also pertains to information obtainable from the analytical examination of samples of material objects. 

Analytical methodologies and measuring instruments are the tools for obtaining reliable data on the composition of the material objects being studied. The science of the construction and operating rules of measuring instruments is often referred to as instrumentation. The successive stages in the development of this science are easily discernible. 

Analytical data on the material objects in question are a specihc kind of information, which is based on the analysis not so much of the whole objects as of representative samples of such objects. Samples therefore have to be collected in such a way that the most important criterion— representativeness—is met. 

Measurement results must be reliable (credible), that is to say, they must accurately (both precisely and truly) reflect the real content (amount) of analytes in a sample that is representative of the material object under study. This leads to the conclusion that all developments in analytical chemistry are derived from the desire to obtain in-depth analytical data. Analytical chemistry uses a very broad spectrum of measurement methods and techniques Table 19.1 presents a basic classification. 

Methods for determining the instantaneous concentration of analytes in the examined material object... 

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