Private ownership

Since the characteristics of vaccines can be well specihed, quality can be (and is) monitored, and the potential for quality improvement is high, their model implies that private enterprise is likely to be more efficient in the vaccine industry too. Indeed, in a later paper, Shleifer (1998) concluded that private ownership should generally be preferred to public ownership when the incentives to innovate and to contain costs must be strong— A good government that wants to further social goals would rarely own producers to meet its objectives. ... 

Shleifer, Andrei. 1998. State versus Private Ownership. Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(4) 133-150. 

The National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals sets a goal of banning all private ownership of handguns by 1983. 

Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States 708-709 (Carolina Academic Press 1987) (1833) (emphasis added). Justice Story calls the right of citizens to keep and bear arms the palladium of our liberties. He viewed the private ownership of firearms as reducing the need for the maintenance of large standing armies by promoting the vitality of the militia, and laments that militia participation is on the decline, fearing this will result in fewer Americans being armed. 

Parry (2003) points out that in the USA the top income quintile owns 60% of all shares, with the bottom income quintile owning less than 2%. A survey commissioned by Wall Street Europe concludes that in the USA 60% of households have equity ownership, while in Europe this number is only 18%. Likewise, while in the USA 50% of the population has more than 50k private ownership, excluding property, this compares to only 15% in Europe. (GfK Custom Research Worldwide, Sep/Oct 2004,14,383 people in 18 countries.)... 

The present uses of the land include a few leased summer cabin sites, and an improved public campground in the southwest corner. Compared with the intense use of nearby lands under private ownership, this area is lightly used. 

Lovell (2003) also reports that private ownership of dachas did exist during the Soviet period, but this was not the norm. 

Lists of the specific industries included under these three categories have been issued from time to time by the government. Although the first two categories were to be exclusively state-owned, considerable private ownership is found in these categories at the present time. For industry as a whole 30% is public and 60% is private, the remaining being in the joint sector. The chemical industry shows the same pattern. 

Yet typically Marx does not emphasize this motivation. His general attitude is better summed up when he says that "capital does not create science, but exploits il". There occurs a growth in non-patentable knowledge on which capital can draw, without being instrumental in creating it. Hence it is also doubtful whether science can satisfy the explanatory constraint. It is inherently implausible to suggest that the private ownership of the means of production can be explained by its impact on the development of non-ownable productive forces. True, Marx emphasizes that the historical task of capitalism is to create/rcc time in which a minority can devote themselves to artistic and scientific activities that will lay the foundations for the society of the future (2.4.2), but he no-... 

I) In market economies based on private ownership of the means of production, power is not constitutive of class. There may but need not obtain pre-polihcal or personal power relations between members of different classes. Thus a woricer is subject to domination within the labour process by virtue of his need to sell his labour-power (4.1.5). This, however, is not what makes him a worker. Rather, it is a fact that follows from what makes him a worker his need to sell his labour-power. By contrast, a small peasant who has mortgaged his holding to a bank does not stand in a similar relation of personal subordination. Finally, there may but need not exist political power relationships between the various classes. The extent to which the state in a capitalist society is also a capitalist state is an empirical matter (7.1), and certainly not one that enters into the deHnition of classes. 

Private ownership of the land meant that the farmer could do as he pleased with it. As economic conditions changed, his use of the land also changed. Mixed farming was a natural result this usually meant that a portion of the farm was used for grazing and other portions for field and vegetable crops. The cropping system no longer had much in common with that of the old feudal system. 

If there were no more to it than the ambiguity of ownership, then these four equations would suffice. Mathematically possible solutions for the combined systems would be i/r and ifi x Since, however, either of these implies that there is a sense in the conception of private ownership of electrons by nuclei, by arguments precisely analogous to those developed on p. 190 we conclude that either the symmetrical combination or the antisymmetrical combination,... 

Yi, D. (2011) Who owns what Private ownership and the public interest in recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s. Isis, 102, 446-474. 

Shirley, M.M. and Walsh, P. (2011) Public versus Private Ownership The Current State of the Debate. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2420. World Bank Washington, DC, p. 3 (hereinafter, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2420), citing Alchian A. (1965) Some economics of properly rights . Politico, 30 (4) 816-824. 

When the great opening up began, the environment was essentially hostile to private enterprise. Under Mao, there was basically no private enterprise of any importance, and active hostility to the idea of private ownership and wealth. This makes all the more amazing the transformation to an economy driven by the private sector and strongly supportive of entrepreneurial innovation. We begin with an overview of this trend, and then drill down a bit into entrepreneurial development and snpport and education and training. 

Fisheries as a Public Trust. The idea of the public trust has its roots in the principle of ancient Roman law that things such as the air, running water, the sea, and the shores of the sea are incapable of private ownership. In English law, and later in U.S. law, the fish and wild beasts were added to the list of common... 

Foreman-Peck, J., and Millward, A. (1994) Public and Private Ownership of British Industry, Milton Keynes Open University Press. 

Most of the chemical infrastructure is under private ownership with the exception of certain feedstocks (e.g., oil reserves). Although most chemical companies in the United States are domestically owned, a number of companies are based in other countries with sites in the United States. Most large chemical companies have multiple sites or locations domestically and globally, which allows for highly decentralized ownership and control of the supply chain. Removing a single node or link is not sufficient to disrupt the entire supply chain for a given chemical. However, lack of centralized control may hinder a timely response to a terrorist incident or to a series of terrorist incidents. 

---