Organic Chemicals Industry Wastes

Organic Chemicals Industry Wastes Industry Description 

This industry sector includes the manufacture of a wide variety of products ranging from industrial gases and fertilizers to dyes, pigments, and petroleum compounds. The Organic Chemicals industry consists of such a complex combination of processes and products that a typical or average plant exists only in a statistical sense. The product mix and output of an industry depends primarily on the total economic activity and the demand for products. The organic chemicals industry is very dynamic in development of new products and processes. Examples of only a few of the high volume products manufactured are  

Depending upon the sequence of production from petroleum sources, chemicals are referred to as either feedstocks or intermediate petrochemicals. Of the 27 example chemicals listed there are 22 intermediate chemicals and five feedstocks (i.e., ethylene, propylene, benzene, toluene, and xylene). 

A review of wastewater characteristics indicates that certain products can be grouped together on the basis of pollutants present in the wastewater. Accordingly, the 27 product chemicals covered under this category are divided into three subgroups as follows  

The chemical reactions involved in the production of the foregoing chonicals include petroleum reforming, thermal or catalytic cracking, oxidation, alkylation, ddiydrogmation, hydration, and chlorination. Most processes use proprietary catalysts to increase product yield and to reduce severe operating conditions and pollution. Water is used extensively both in the process and for cooling purposes. 

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Organic Chemicals Industry Wastes Industry Description... 

Petrochemical recovered oil. Organic chemical manufacturing facilities sometimes recover oil from their organic chemical industry operations. U.S. EPA excluded petrochemical recovered oil from the definition of solid waste when the facility inserts the material into the petroleum-refining process of an associated or adjacent petroleum refinery. Only petrochemical recovered oil that is hazardous because it exhibits the characteristic of ignitability or exhibits the toxicity characteristic for benzene (or both) is eligible for the exclusion. 

The organic chemical industry, the food processing industry, the pulp and paper industry, the textile industry, and the petroleum industry are important industries that produce organic process wastes. Unlike inorganic process wastes, they contain dissolved and insoluble matter in the main wastewater stream thus, they are more difficult to handle for disposal. They have its characteristic biological problems and spontaneous interaction with the surrounding environment, particularly, under high solar radiation. 

Elliot, S.E. Jennet, J.C. Rgand, M.C. Anaerobic treatment of S3mthesized organic chemical pharmaceutical wastes. Proceedings of the 33rd Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 1978 507-514. 

Organic compounds An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon carbonates, carbon oxides, and cyanides. Most organic compounds today are artificially produced chemical industry, waste combustion, and different fuels. 

In the chemical industry chlorine is used for the production of various chemical compounds, such as hydrochloric acid, hypochlorites, chlorates, bleaching powder, aluminium chloride, corrosive sublimate, cupric chloride, carbon tetrachloride, tin recovery from used cans, sulphuryl chloride, for extraction of bromine from Stassfurt waste liquors, etc. In the organic chemical industry it is used for the chlorination of aliphatic and cyclic organic compounds, for the preparation of medicaments, the manufacture of plastics, insecticides, fungicides and herbicides. Monochloracetic acid, ethylene chlorhydrine, chloral, chlor-... 

The tremendous number of orphaned waste sites in this country reflects the growth of the synthetic organic chemical industry (Figure 1). In 1940, approximately one billion pounds of synthetic organic chemicals were produced in the United States. By 1965, this quantity had increased nearly a hundredfold and it now exceeds 300 billion pounds a year. 

As reported in Tabic 42, Mannich bases are present to a variable extent in many products of the organic chemical industry. In particular, they arc frequently the active principle of pharmaceuticals and pesticides or an essential constituent of macromolecular synthetic materials. In this latter field, as well as in the production of petroleum products, in the treatment of wastes, etc., they mainly provide important additives and auxiliaries. 

Reference soil was collected in a reference site in Elorence (Italy). Real soil samples were collected in the Associated National Chemical Companies (ACNA) site (Cengio, SV, Italy). ACNA is a closed organic chemical industrial factory active since 1882 with the production of explosives (nitroglycerin, dynamite, and trinitrotoluene), paints, nitric and sulphuric acids, phenols, and amines, with serious levels of contamination of soil and surface waters, where a remediation and bonification plan started in 1999. The serious enviromnental contamination of this area determined its inclusion in the list of national priorities for enviromnental reclamation. The sampling was performed from the soil layers (0-30 cm) in a specific ACNA site, called hill n°5, on March 2003. The hill was made of waste from the industry accumulated during the years and was divided into four zones zone 1 with low contamination level zone 2 with pseudoreference zone 3 with moderate pollution level, and zone 4 with high ecological risk. 

Waste Component from EDS Treatment of Sarin Bomblets at RMA NeutralenU Water Rinse Cleaning Solution POTW Feed Limit for Organic Chemical Industry LDR Treatment Standards Goal of Treatment Prior to Disposal in Landfill... 

Tables 14.18.1 and 14.18.2 give the reported solvent releases and transfers from the organie ehemieal industry. Large quantities of solvents are involved. The organic chemical industry produced the second largest quantity of VOC and the second largest releases and transfers. The industry is actively working to reduee solvent use because of the high costs (waste treatment, fines, liabilities, etc). There are many efforts under way to reduce environmental emissions and improve safe practices. The initiatives include process modifications such as a reduction in non-reactive materials (e.g., solvents) to improve process efficiency, a reduction in the concentration of chemicals in aqueous solution, and improved R D and process engineering. Equipment modifications are planned to reduce leaks, prevent equipment breakdown, and improve die efficiency of emission control devices.

A waste product itself probably provided the foundation for the modern synthetic organic chemical industry. The Industrial Revolution of the early 19th century saw large volumes of a malodorous, black, sticky waste product generated from the production of coke from coal. The coke fuelled the growing steel industry and town gas was produced to power the urban environments which sprang up around the industrial wealth creation. 

Kh, F., Kudasheva, A. D., Badikova, A. M., Musina, A., Ya. Safina. (2010). Detergent composition from organic pollutants of chemical industries waste. Oil and gas industry http //www.ogbus.rn. 

The organic chemical industry uses NaOH for saponification reactions, production of anionic intermediates, etherification and esterification, basic catalysis, for waste gas scrubbing and for waste water neutralisation. 

Evaporation. In most chemical industry evaporation systems, the objective is product recovery, although occasionally the objective is concentration of an organic waste from an aqueous solution, to facihtate incineration. Similar equipment is used extensively for desalination of salt or brackish water (see also Water, supply and desalination). 

Although the major concern about the fate of organic pollntants in soil has been about pesticides in agricultural soils, other scenarios are also important. The disposal of wastes on land (e.g., at landfill sites) has raised questions about movement of pollutants contained in them into the air or neighboring rivers or water conrses. The presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or PAHs in snch wastes can be a significant source of pollution. Likewise, the disposal of some industrial wastes in landfill sites (e.g., by the chemical industry) raises questions about movement into air or water and needs to be carefully controlled and monitored. 

The sources, amounts, and composition of injected hazardous wastes are a matter of record, because the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)5,14 requires hazardous waste to be manifested (i.e., a record noting the generator of the waste, its composition or characteristics, and its volume must follow the waste load from its source to its ultimate disposal site). The sources and amounts of injected hazardous waste can be determined, therefore, based on these records. Table 20.2 shows the estimated volume of deep-well-injected wastes by industrial category.3 More than 11 billion gallons of hazardous waste were injected in 1983. Organic chemicals (51%) and petroleum-refining and petrochemical products (25%) accounted for three-quarters of the volume of injected wastes that... 

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