Waste liquors

Fig. 11. Layout of a2o dye manufacturing plant. 1, storage tanks for liquid starting materials 2, storage dmms for solid starting materials 3, dia2oti2ation vessel 4, coupling component vessel 5, ice machine 6, coupling vessel 7, isolation vessel 8, filter presses 9, filtrate to waste liquor treatment plant 10,...

Type of dryer tions, extracts, milk, blood, waste liquors, rubber latex, etc. gents, calcium carbonate, bentonite, clay sbp, lead concentrates, etc. trifuged sobds, starch, etc. dry. Examples centrifuged precipitates, pigments, clay, cement. ores, potato strips, synthetic rubber. objects, rayon skeins, lumber. sheets. her sheets. 

Several units are used for sulfite-paper-mill waste-liquor disposal. At least six units are used for oil-refinery wastes, whicdi sometimes include a mixture of liquid sludges, emulsions, and caustic waste... 

Pulp and Paper Technical Association of Canada - Standards of Sulphite Waste Liquor, C-3, Jan. 68. Viscosity of Sulphite Waste Liquor, C-4,Jan. 68. F-2, Nov. 70. Wire Screening, F-3, July 92. Alum Solutions, F-4, Jan. 68, http //WWW. paptac.ca/english/engdatsh.htm. 

Ablauge, /. spent lye, spent liquor, waste liquor washing out. 

Abwasser, n. waste water, waste liquor specif., sewage. anlage, /. sewage disposal plant, leitung, /. drain. 

Tmikstrie-abfallstoff, m. industrial waste material. -abwasser, n. industrial waste water or waste liquor, -erzeugnis, /. industrial product, -gas, n. industrial gas. -gerat, n.. -gerkte, n.pl. industrial apparatus. 

Sulfat, n, sulfate, -ablauge, /. sulfate waste liquor, -anlage,/. sulfate plant. 

Sulfit, n. sulfite, -ablauge, /. sulfite waste liquor, -atze, /, sulfite discharge, -aus-lauger, m. Paper) sulfite digester, -cellulose, /, Paper) sulfite pulp, sulfitieren, v.i. sulfite. 

Sulphite waste liquor Glucose (from starch) Wastes from fruit processing 12-2... 

Yeast, n-alkanes Bacteria, Methanol Yeast, Ethanol Fungus, Sulphite waste liquor... 

The substrate contributes least to production cost when it is a waste. See Table 4.9 -Sulphite waste liquor is the waste and contributes only 17% to total production cost... 

The most significant cost of fermentation equipment is usually the bioreactor. However, for fungal SCP processes from sulphite waste liquor, the cooling system is the most significant cost. See Table 4.13. 

The main carbon source for production of SCP is petroleum. It has been practised in many companies around the world. Other potential substrates for SCP include bagasse, citrus wastes, sulphite waste liquor from pulp and paper, molasses, animal manure, whey, starch, sewage and agricultural wastes. 

PTC may well provide a way of recovering valuable chemicals from the waste streams of fine chemicals plants. Krishnakumar and Sharma (1984) have shown how phenolic substances from aqueous alkaline streams can be recovered as useful, saleable substances and their content brought down to below 5 ppm in the waste streams. Even penicillin from waste liquors discharged from fermentation plants can be recovered (Lindblom and Blander, 1980). 

Antifoaming with Sulfite-Waste Liquor as Plasticizer for Cements... 

In future, the developments in hydrometallurgy will need to be concerned more with environmental problems associated with pertinent processes. Hydrometallurgical processes produce a variety of waste liquors and unwanted solid products which must be treated before their final disposal. There are two main objectives in such waste treatments the first is to recover valuable impurities and unused reagents from the solutions and the second is to ensure that the release of associated materials does not pollute the environment to an unacceptable extent. 

BFR [Bleach filtrate recycle] A process for almost completely recycling the waste liquors from pulp-bleaching using chlorine dioxide. The key to the process is the separation of the sodium sulfate from potassium chloride by crystallization. Developed by Champion International Corporation, Sterling Pulp Chemicals, and Wheelabrator Technologies. It was proposed for installation in North Carolina in 1997. 

Heiskenskjold A process for making an animal feed by growing the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisae on the waste liquor from paper manufacture by sulfite pulping. Developed in Finland in 1936. 

The reflux ratio = 3, the slope of the fractionating line = 1.4, the purity of product = 99 per cent, and the concentration of carbon disulphide in the waste liquors = 1 per cent. What is the minimum slope of the rectifying line in this case ... 

Both cadmium and selenium are poisonous and there are regulations about the limits of free cadmium in the pigment (100 p.p.m.) and on the disposal of waste liquors from manufacturing plants. 

Decolorisation of waste liquors containing metal-complex dyes... 

The first commercial sulphur dye was discovered accidentally in 1873 by Croissant and BretonniSre who heated lignin-containing organic waste, such as sawdust, with sodium polysulphide at about 300 °C the product was sold under the name Cachou de Laval [52]. Even today an equivalent dye (Cl Sulphur Brown 1) is derived from lignin sulphonate, which is readily available from waste liquors from wood pulp manufacture. The real pioneer of sulphur dyes was Vidal, the first chemist to obtain dyes of this type from specific organic compounds. In particular, Sulphur Black T (Cl Sulphur Black 1) was made from 2,4-dinitrophenol in 1899. At the turn of the century many of the intermediates available were subjected to sulphurisation (thionation), that is, treatment with sulphur, sodium sulphide or sodium polysulphide to introduce sulphur linkages. 

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