Petroleum compounds

To detect surface anomalies caused by hydrocarbon accumulations often very small amounts of petroleum compounds have leaked into the overlying strata and to the surface. On land, these compounds, mostly gases, may be detectable in soil samples. 

KompoundSl, n. Petroleum) compounded oil. kompr., abbrev. (komprimiert) compressed, kompressibel, a. compressible. 

SVE has been an effective technique for removing VOCs such as TCE and some petroleum compounds from the vadose zone of contaminated soil.72 The following presents some of the newly developed technologies. 

Abbad-Andaloussi, S. Lagnel, C. Warzywoda, M., and Monot, F., Multi-Criteria Comparison of Resting Cell Activities of Bacterial Strains Selected for Biodesulfurization of Petroleum Compounds. Enzyme, and Microbial Technology, 2003. 32(3-4) pp. 446 154. 

Petroleum group analyses are conducted to determine amounts of the petroleum compound classes (e.g., saturates, aromatics, and polars/resins) present in petroleum-contaminated samples. This type of measurement is sometimes used to identify fuel type or to track plumes. It may be particularly useful for higher-boiling products such as asphalt. Group-type test methods include multidimensional gas chromatography (not often used for environmental samples), high-performance... 

After a plate has been exposed to the mobile-phase solvent for the required time, the compounds present can be viewed by several methods. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, other compounds with conjugated systems, and compounds containing heteroatoms (nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur) can be viewed with long-and short-wave ultraviolet light. The unaided eye can see other material, or the plates can be developed in iodine. Iodine has an affinity for most petroleum compounds, including the saturated hydrocarbons, and stains the compounds a reddish-brown color. 

Cracking reactions Chemical reactions that occur during catagenesis and metagenesis in marine sediments and sedimentary rocks. During this process, petroleum compounds are formed as hydrocarbons are broken off heteroatomic macromolecules. 

Kun Z, Hui C, Guanghe L, et al. 1998. In situ remediation of petroleum compounds in groundwater aquifer with chlorine dioxide. Water Res 32(5) 1471-1480. 

The factors that affect the technical and economic performance of ChemTech soil treatment process technology include the following soil type (sand versus clay) contaminant (metals, petroleum compounds, particulate metals, etc.) type, form, and concentration cleanup objectives (residential, industrial, or risk-based) and the scale of the project. These factors determine optimum operating conditions, process kinetics, the quantity of residuals, and the operating costs (D177360, p. 9). 

When reviewing this list of pesticides, it can be seen that there are many different classes of pesticides (i.e., the chemical characteristic of that pesticide that makes it toxic). In other words, different chemicals are toxic because of their different chemistry. The industrial chemicals are basically petroleum compounds that may or may not contain chlorine. The combination of all these different compounds ultimately influences the toxic diversity of the chemical mixtures we all consume. It is also important is to note that some pesticides have been banned from use in the United States (e.g., dieldrin is listed as being banned). All of these banned pesticides were no longer in use in the United States by the late 1970s and early 1980s. 

Pollution from petroleum compounds has been a major concern since the mid-1960s. In 1967 the first major accident involving an oil tanker occurred. The Torrey Canyon ran onto rocks in the English Channel, spilling oil that washed onto the shores of England and France. It is estimated that at least 10,000 serious oil spills occur in the United States each year. In addition, flushing of oil tankers plays a major role in marine pollution. Other sources, such as improper disposal of used oil by private car owners and small garages, further contribute to oil pollution. 

For routine industrial work the Technical Data Book of the American Petroleum Institute is currently generally used for physical properties of petroleum compounds and the book by Reid, Prausnitz and Sherwood (The Properties of Gases and Liquids, McGraw Hill, 1977) is used for other organic compounds and their mixtures. 

Answer 16.2 No, the injected brine might have contained petroleum compounds that could be adsorbed in the aquifer rocks and be slowly released into the groundwater. Hence, petroleum contaminants, and not just chlorine, should be analyzed in the damaged groundwater. 

The presence of petroleum compounds through the environment is initiated by product usage and... 

Petroleum hydrocarbon sources to North American and worldwide waters were summarized in a report by NRC (2002). In many cases of large petroleum spills, the specihc source of petroleum spill is evident, and no geochemical fingerprinting is required to establish the source. Nevertheless, the inventory of petroleum compounds and biomarkers that are eventually sequestered in bottom sediments need not reflect sole derivation from a single source, even in cases of massive oil spills in the area (e.g., Kvenvolden et al., 1995 Wang et al., 1999). Where a mass balance of petroleum sources is required to properly design remediation or identify a point source, molecular methods for distinguishing sources of hydrocarbons have come to the fore. 

Without realizing it, boaters churn waters and add petroleum compounds to them. Campers move into areas once inhabited by wild animals. Waders stir up sediment, step on underground burrows, and disturb breeding sites. Refuse from human activity means that birds get tangled in plastic lines and sea turtles ingest plastic bags, mistaking them for jellyfish. 

Bioremediation has been successfully demonstrated for a variety of contaminant classifications. The majority of the studies have focused on petroleum compounds (BTEX, gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, etc.) because of their widespread occurrence as a contaminant. The other major waste classifications where bioremediation has been successful are solvents (toluene, trichloroethylene, etc.), creosote, pulp and paper, pesticides, textiles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Table 1 contains a partial list of the microbial genus successfully implemented for these contaminants. For aqueous petroleum contaminants, bacteria and yeasts are the most prevalent degraders. In contaminated soil systems, bacteria and fungi are the microorganisms responsible for degradation. ... 

Petroleum compounds have also been widely studied as a result of their susceptibility to microbial attack. There are several rules of thumb associated with the ease of degradation in terms of compound structure. In general, as the compound molecular weight increases or the compound s structure becomes more complex, degradation becomes more difficult. The relative biodegradability of contaminants under aerobic conditions, in order of decreasing ease (i.e., the easiest first, the more recalcitrant last) is/ " ... 

Ritter U. (2003) Solubility of petroleum compounds in kerogen implications for petroleum expulsion. Org. 

In general, a TPH method generates a single concentration based upon the total amount of petroleum compounds measured by a specific technique. The most frequently used methods are based on gas chromatography (GC), infrared (IR) or gravimetric analytical techniques. Of these, GC techniques are the preferred choice as they not only detect a broad range of hydrocarbons but also provide... 

Immunoassay methods correlate TPH with the response of antibodies to specific petroleum compounds. Various test kits based on immunoassay are available as self-contained systems that are useful for on-site measurement. These techniques are considered screening methods as specificity, precision and accuracy are lower than GC-based or IR-based methods. 

This detector is quite selective for compounds that contain phosphorus (I(T g/sec) and sulfur (KT g/sec) or both, which makes it a favorite for pesticide analysis, air pollution, and petroleum compounds. 

S-containing petroleum compounds have been identified in marine molluscs (Lake and Hershner, 1977). In an investigation of seawater, sediment, and organisms near an oil spill after a collision, Warner (1975) found that the S-components of petroleum can be preferentially concentrated in the marine environment e.g., in the isopod Lygia sp. which had crawled over... 

Atomic Absorption Background Effects of Petroleum Compounds... 

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