Production high-volume

The process and economics are detailed (21). Owing to the complex nature of the wastes, the process becomes economical only at high production volumes. Several alternative schemes could be developed based on available technologies. Of primary importance is a thorough understanding of the types and constituents of the wastes that feed the processes. Once this is defined, the process options must be considered and tested. A knowledge of what the process caimot do, ie, its limitations, is just as important as a clear understanding of process capabiUties. 

I Chemicals on ttie original list that do not meet the toxldty criteria but because of their high production volume and recognized toxldty are considered chemicals of concern ( Other chemicals ). 

The beginning of the industrial age saw a substantial increase in demand for basic materials and chemicals, and the chemical industry was established to satisfy these demands for high production volumes. The tall and impressive silhouettes of modern chemical plants dominate industrial estates, visible from afar as symbols for the vast capabilities and capacities of today s chemical industry. Without this industry and its equipment of enormous proportions, our economic wealth would be quite inconceivable. 

The European Commission (EC) has sponsored four reports that evaluate a set of 553 substances selected by experts and stakeholders for assessment for endocrine disruption. Each report addresses a subset of the total set based on priorities such as whether the chemicals are persistent, bioaccumulating or High Production Volume chemicals and/or whether or not there is already regulatory control of the chemical. 

HPVIS provides complete and easy access to technical health and environmental effect information on chemicals that are manufactured or imported to US in volumes greater than IMM lbs per year. Information in this database are submitted through HPV Challenge Program. HPVIS allows users to search for summary information, test plans, and new data on high production volume chemicals as they are developed. 

HPVCs (High Production Volume Chemicals) and LPVCs (Low Production Volume Chemicals), including EU Producers/Importers lists... 

High pressure valves, manual, 13 415 High pressure vessel suppliers, 13 412 High production volume (HPV) chemicals, 24 186... 

The high production volumes and widespread use of surfactants have been an environmental concern since the early 1960s. Surfactants are used in industry and agriculture and are also found in household and personal care products. Subsequently, these substances are released into the environment, directly, or after being processed in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). 

Institute for Health and Consumer Protection - European Chemicals Bureau Pubhc Availability of Data on EU High Production Volume Chemicals, 1999. These substances are documented in the lUCLID database (International Uniform Chemical Information Database). 

For existing substances, the data collection consists of three phases. The ESR was initially concerned with the so-called HPVCs (High Production Volume Chemicals). HPVCs are those substances, which are covered by the data collection phases I and II of the ESR, i.e., those substances which have been imported or produced in quantities exceeding 1000 tons per year and produced/imported between March 23 1990 and March 23 1994. During phase I, 1884 substances were extracted from EINECS - referred to as the HPVC list these substances are listed in Annex I of ESR. The total list of substances reported under phases I and II of the Regulation is now referred to as the EU-HPVC list. 

In the EU, 141 of existing high production volume chemical substances have been prioritized for an in-depth risk assessment, see Section 2.4.1.4 for details. 

Uses. A high-production-volume chemical used in manufacture of epoxy-phenolic resins (protective linings for food and beverage cans) monomer for polycarbonate resins (used in food contact materials such as returnable beverage bottles, infant feeding bottles, plates, and mugs) antioxidant in PVC plastics inhibitor of end polymerization in PVC plastics... 

EPA, High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program (http //www.epa.gov/chemrtk/ volchall.htm). 

Environmental Protection Agency (1999b) High production volume (HPV) chemicals list, Washington, DC [http //www.epa.gov/]... 

United Nations Environment Programme Chemicals (2000) OECD High Production Volume Chemicals Programme. Phase 3. SIDS (Screening Information Data Set), initial assessment report [http //irptc.unep.ch], Geneva... 

These relationships allow for screening and ranking of toxicity so that the least toxic option may be used if deemed appropriate. They are applied in many jurisdictions for regulatory use in the prediction of ecological effects (and fate) of chemicals when there are no actual toxicity data and decisions need to be made about their use [99]. QSARs have been developed, for example, to predict which chemicals may exhibit persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT) properties, or be very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB) [99]. These methods have been applied to the prediction of chemicals that fall under the European REACH initiative and also high production volume (HPV) chemicals [99]. Currently available QSARs for predicting a compound s fall into two general classes those that have been developed for a nonspecific mode of action, and those that have been developed for specific types or classes of chemicals [99]. 

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