Process petroleum refining

Acetic acid Methyl r-butyl ether Phenol 

By far the major product of this industry is the gasoline fraction from petroleum. Fig. 7.2 demonstrates this, since U.S. shipments of gasoline were down in 1986 as well. Gasoline in Fig. 7.2 follows a curve similar to Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing in Fig. 7.1. Other products such as Jet fuel, kerosene, and fuel oils contribute substantially less to the total value of petroleum. 

The olefins—ethylene, propylene, and the butylenes—are derived from natural gas and petroleum. Methane is the major constituent in natural gas. The aromatics— benzene, toluene, and the xylenes— are derived from petroleum. About 90% by weight of the organic chemicals in the world comes from natural gas and petroleum. But actually only 3% of this crude oil and 6% of refinery output in the U.S. is processed into chemicals, with the rest going as various fuels. Although we are a small user of the petroleum industry, this 3-6% going to petrochemical feedstock is important to us  

The petrochemical industry had its birth in the early 1900s. In 1913 propylene, a by-product of cracking, was introduced. In 1920 isopropyl alcohol was made from petroleum. In 1923 the first derivatives of ethylene were commercialized ethylene chlorohydrin, ethylene glycol, and dichloroethane. By the 1940s petrochemicals were fully developed in the 

and the 1950s and 60s saw rapid production increases. The oil crisis of 1973 caused huge increases in prices. The 1980s were characterized by much slower growth rates than the 50s and 60s, and we still did not rebound completely in the 1990s. 

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R. A. Meyers, ed.. Handbook of Petroleum Refining Processes, McGraw-HiU, New York, 1986. 

Process Stream Separations. Differences in adsorptivity between gases provides a means for separating components in industrial process gas streams. Activated carbon in fixed beds has been used to separate aromatic compounds from lighter vapors in petroleum refining process streams (105) and to recover gasoline components from natural and manufactured gas (106,107). 

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Paraffin hydrocarbon gases comprising propane, butane, and pentanes derived from natural gas wells and from the petroleum refining process that remain as liquids when stored under pressure in tanks and bottles. 

Petroleum Refining Processes, James G. Speight and Baki Ozum... 

The plastic samples used in this study were palletized to a form of 2.8 3.2min in diameter. The molecular weights of LDPE and HDPE were 196,000 and 416,000, respectively. The waste catalysts used as a fine powder form. The ZSM-5 was used a petroleum refinement process and the RFCC was used in a naphtha cracking process. The BET surface area of ZSM-5 was 239.6 m /g, whose micropore and mesopore areas were 226.2 m /g and 13.4 m /g, respectively. For the RFCC, the BET surface area was 124.5 m /g, and micropore and mesopore areas were 85.6 m /g and 38.89 m /g, respectively. The experimental conditions applied are as follows the amount of reactant and catalyst are 125 g and 1.25-6.25 g, respectively. The flow rate of nitrogen stream is 40 cc/min, and the reaction temperature and heating rate are 300-500 C and 5 C/ min, respectively. Gas products were vented after cooling by condenser to -5 °C. Liquid products were collected in a reservoir over a period of... 

Petrochemical recovered oil. Organic chemical manufacturing facilities sometimes recover oil from their organic chemical industry operations. U.S. EPA excluded petrochemical recovered oil from the definition of solid waste when the facility inserts the material into the petroleum-refining process of an associated or adjacent petroleum refinery. Only petrochemical recovered oil that is hazardous because it exhibits the characteristic of ignitability or exhibits the toxicity characteristic for benzene (or both) is eligible for the exclusion. 

Schrauwen, F. J. M. 2004. Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis (SMDS) process. In Handbook of petroleum refining processes, ed. R. A. Meyers, 15.25—40. New York McGraw-Hill. 

Sullivan, D. K., in Handbook of Petroleum Refining Process, Meyers, R. A., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1997, 9.3. 

Combifining A petroleum refining process which removes asphaltenes, sulfur, and metals from residues, before further treatment. The catalyst is an activated petroleum coke in a fluidized bed, operated under hydrogen pressure at 380 to 420°C. 

DHDS [Diesel deep hydrodesulfurization] A petroleum refining process developed by the Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo (IMP) with plans for it to be in operation at the Pemex refinery at Cadereyka, Mexico, in 1999. 

DHR [Druck-Hydrogenium-Raffination German, meaning hydrorefining] A petroleum refining process developed by BASF in Germany. See DHC. 

Hydrorefining A general name for petroleum refining processes using hydrogen gas. See also Hydroprocessing. 

MAK fining A petroleum refining process which combines MAK hydrocracking with a cold-flow improvement process. Developed by Nippon Ketjen and first licensed in 1998. 

MIDW [Mobil isomerization dewaxing] A petroleum refining process which improves yield and quality by isomerizing and selectively cracking paraffins in waxy oils. The catalyst is a noble metal, supported on a zeolite. Developed by Mobil Corporation from 1991 to 1996. 

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