Wastewater characteristics

Raw industrial effluents can be classified according to the dominant nature of pollution, organic or mineral (Table 1), and may be characterised by a high concentration of organic (and mineral) compounds, due either to a few major pollutants (chemical industry effluents, for example), or to a huge number of molecules, the concentration of which is very low (pulp and paper or food industry). 

Organic High organic pollution, easily biodegradable Food industry Biological simple 

Mineral Low organic pollution Toxics High suspended solids Steel industry Electroplating industry Extractive industry Physico-chemical 

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The performance, therefore, is related to the F/M or sludge age and the degradabiUty, K. As the F/M decreases or the sludge age increases, greater removals are achieved. It should be noted that the sludge age is proportional to the reciprocal of the F/M. The reaction rate coefficient, iC, as related to wastewaters characteristics. 

Wastewater characteristics vaiy widely from industiy to industry. Obviously, the specific characteristics will affec t the treatment techniques chosen for use in meeting discharge requirements. Some general characteristics that should be considered in planning are given in Table 25-33. Because of the large number of pollutant substances, wastewater characteristics are not usually considered on a substance-... 

Ultrafiltration equipment are combined with other unit operations. The unique combination of unit operations depends on the wastewater characteristics and desired effluent quality, and cost considerations. 

Each industrial subcategory is broken into core and additional allocation operations. The core is defined as those operations that always occur in the subcategory or do not affect the waste-water characteristics from the subcategory facilities (e.g., dry operations, zero-pollutant-allocation operations, or operations that contribute insignificant pollutants and wastewater volume in comparison with other streams). These operations that do not contribute to the wastewater characteristics will not occur at every plant, which should not affect wastewater treatment. 

Operations that may affect wastewater characteristics but are not included in the core are classified as additional allocation operations. These are ancillary operations involving discharged wastewater streams of significant pollutant concentrations and flows that may or may not be present at any one facility. If an additional allocation operation occurs at a facility, the wastewater from the operation would occur in addition to the core wastewater, with a subsequent modification to the performance expected from a treatment facility. The most common additional allocation operations are as follows ... 

Tables 7.8 and 7.9 present the major pollutants and combined wastewater characteristics, respectively, of coil coating wastewater streams.

The wastewater characteristics of a specific wastewater stream to be treated... 

Wastewater characteristics must be known in order to select a suitable treatment system. For this purpose, the wastewater samples taken from the sources were analyzed to determine various parameters. Also, the quantities of chemicals (NaOH) required for neutralization and settling characteristics were determined. These were made separately for continuous and batch discharges. Since the system is to be designed according to the continuous discharge of wastewaters from the batch system to the treatment plant, mixed wastewater was prepared in quantities proportional to the flow rates. The quantity of NaOH required for lOOOmL of mixed wastewater is shown in Table 28.2.13... 

Pretreatment is necessary for the treatment of the food industry wastewater. Pretreatment options such as flow equalization and neutralization, screening, FOG separation, acidification, coagulation-flocculation, sedimentation, and DAF are available. Selecting the appropriate technology depends on the wastewater characteristics. 

Anaerobic Aerobic Wastewater characteristics Color removal Aromatic amines References... 

Wastewater characteristics play an important role in the nature of the sewer processes and to what extent they proceed. A number of parameters like temperature and pH and quality characteristics in terms of the biodegradability of the organic matter and the amount of active biomass available are crucial for the outcome of the transformations. 

In addition to the VOCs produced in sewers under anaerobic conditions, such components may originate from external sources, e.g., industries (Corsi et al., 1995 Olson et al., 1998). Typically, these VOCs are hydrocarbons and similar products. The emission is influenced by a number of sewer system parameters, hydraulic conditions, wastewater characteristics and physicochemical properties for the VOC component. The emission of such incoming VOCs thereby follows the general approach described in this text for odorous substances. 

Equation (5.12) shows a linear dependency in the DO concentration that is not in agreement with the results shown in Figure 5.6. Matos (1992) also found a discrepancy between Equation (5.12) and experimental results and substituted the expression 5.3 S0 in Equation (5.12) with a constant equal to 10.9. This constant depends on biofilm and wastewater characteristics and should be determined from local measurements. In addition to the information given by Bjerre et al. (1998b) in Example 5.2, values of respiration rate measurements for sewer biofilms are shown in Table 5.5. 

This chapter focuses on two main subjects. It will first deal with knowledge and methodologies of good practice in the study of chemical and microbial processes in wastewater collection systems. The information on such processes is provided by investigations, measurements and analyses performed at bench, pilot and field scale. Second, it is the objective to establish the theoretical basis for determination of parameters to be used for calibration and validation of sewer process models. These main objectives of the chapter are integrated sampling, pilot-scale and field measurements and laboratory studies and analyses are needed to determine wastewater characteristics, including those kinetic and stoichiometric parameters that are used in models for simulation of the site-specific sewer processes. 

It is important to note that wastewater is subject to great variability in terms of its components and processes. Procedures 1 to 4, therefore, correspond to a typical analytical method for the determination of the characteristic components and the stoichiometric and kinetic parameters. Cases where the procedure described in Sections 7.2.1-1.2 A is either difficult or not feasible to follow may exist. A detailed knowledge on wastewater characteristics and experience from laboratory and modeling studies may be crucial in such situations for finding alternative variants of the procedures 1 to 4. 

Lawson, J.R. Woldman, M.L. Eggerman, P.P. Squibb solves its pharmaceutical wastewater problems in Puerto Rico. Chem. Engng. Progress Symposium Series No. 107, 1971, Water-1970 , 1970,401 -404. Murthy, Y.S. Subbiah, V. Rao, D.S. Reddy, R.C. Kumar, L.S. Elyas, S.I. Rama Rao, K.G. Gadgill, J.S. Deshmukh, S.B. Treatment and disposal of wastewater from synthetic drugs plant (I.D.P.L.), Hyderabad, Part I - Wastewater characteristics. Indian J. Environ. Health 1984, 26 (1), 7-19. 

The sources of wastewater generation in petroleum refineries have been discussed previously in this chapter. Table 5 presents a qualitative evaluation of wastewater flow and characteristics by fundamental refinery processes [5]. The trend of the industry has been to reduce wastewater production by improving the management of the wastewater systems. Table 6 shows waste-water loadings and volumes per unit fundamental process throughput in older, typical, and newer technologies [15]. Table 7 shows typical wastewater characteristics associated with several refinery processes [16]. 

The federal guidelines [13] for state and local pretreatment programs reported the raw wastewater characteristics (Table 1) in mg/L concentration and the flows and water quality parameters (Table 2) based on the production or 1 ton of product manufactured for the subcategories of the industry. Most soap and detergent manufacturing plants contain two or more of the subcategories shown in Table 3, and their wastewaters are a composite of these individual unit processes. 

Table 1 Soap and Detergent Industry Raw Wastewater Characteristics... 

Table 6 Raw Wastewater Characteristics of Phosphate Fertilizer Industry Retention Ponds...

No information is available on the wastewater characteristics of this subcategory. 

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