Volume estimations

In the following sections our approach to stereoradioscopy will be described in detail. At first, the camera model and the calibration procedure are introduced, in the second part, the calculation of 3D defect positions and the volume estimation procedure are explained. 

In this section results will be presented using test samples to determine the accuracy of our approach. Further on an example is shown using the system to analyse casting defects. For the experiments moderate projective magnifications between 1.1 and 1.4 were chosen. The test samples used to determine the accuracy of calibration, 3D defect position and volume estimation consist of several holes representing internal defects of different but known size and shape. 

A major difficulty in testing the validity of predictions from the DR equation is that independent estimates of the relevant parameters—the total micropore volume and the pore size distribution—are so often lacking. However, Marsh and Rand compared the extrapolated value for from DR plots of CO2 on a series of activated carbons, with the micropore volume estimated by the pre-adsorption of nonane. They found that except in one case, the value from the DR plot was below, often much below, the nonane figure (Table 4.9). 

Crop volume estimates ranged from 6.72 to 17.1 (v/v%), with a median of 11.1 and a mean of 11.3 (v/v%). The differences between crop volume estimates at the moment of HV and LV applications ranged from 0 to 3.8 (v/v%), depending on the elapsed time between applications. 

A possible relationship between DFR and the application rate, as well as the crop volume estimate (CrV), was investigated using a multiple linear regression model (ADFR = a + b AR + c CrV). No significant contribution of crop volume to the variation of ADFR was observed (p = 0.19 and p = 0.87 for high-volume applications and all applications, respectively). 

In conclusion it can be stated that the basic assumptions of the re-entry model — a linear relationship between application rate and initial dislodge-able foliar residue and a first-order decay of the DFR — have been confirmed. The relationship between the transfer factor and re-entry time at various DFR levels should be explored further. Including information on foliage surface area or crop density may lead to a refinement of the model however, crop volume estimating methods should be improved before their influence on the exposure processes can be fully evaluated. 

With a molecular weight for magnesium hydroxide of 58.3 g/mole, the solubility is equivalent to 8.36 mg per liter. The Bayer product Original Phillips Milk of Magnesia contains 400 mg of magnesium hydroxide per teaspoon (volume estimated at 5 mL) or 8.00 x 104 mg per liter. Clearly a saturated solution From the amount of dissolved Mg(OH)2, the pH of the solution can be determined, for... 

It is desired to operate the hood of Problem 3-29 so that the vapor concentration in the hood plenum is below the lower explosion limit of 12.5% by volume. Estimate the minimum control velocity required to achieve this objective. The amount of TCE evaporated within the hood is 5.3 lb per hour. The molecular weight of TCE is 131.4. The temperature is 70°F and the pressure is 1 atm. 

A set of experiments is run on a flammable gas in a spherical vessel. The following data are obtained for two different vessel volumes. Estimate the value of KG for this combustible gas ... 

Volumes Estimated Using Satellite Data. Final Report to the World Bank, Earth Observation Group. Boulder, Colorado NOAA National Geophysical Data Centre. www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/interest/DMSP flares 20070530 b.pdf. 

The recoverability of hydrocarbon from the subsurface refers to the amount of mobile hydrocarbon available. Hydrocarbon that is retained in the unsaturated zone is not typically recoverable by conventional means. Additional amounts of hydrocarbon that are unrecoverable by conventional methods include the immobile hydrocarbons associated with the water table capillary zone. Residual hydrocarbon is pellicular or insular, and is retained in the aquifer matrix. With respect to recoverability, residual hydrocarbon entrapment can result in volume estimate discrepancies as well as decreases in recovery efficiency. With increasing water saturation, such as when the water table rises via recharge or product removal, hydrocarbons essentially become occluded by a continuous water phase. This results in a reduction of LNAPL and product thickness as measured in the well at constant volume. When water saturation is decreased by lowering the water table (as during recovery operations), trapped hydrocarbons can remobilize, leading to increased recoverability. 

The length of time required for recovery of LNAPL products is based on the volume of product present in the subsurface and is limited by numerous factors. Most often based on an educated guess, factors regarding volume estimates have innate compounding errors in relation to ... 

After the initial volume estimate has been determined, testing of a pilot recovery system should be initiated to evaluate recovery rates. However, factors that significantly affect recovery rates include the areal distribution and geometry of the free-hydrocarbon product plume, type(s) and design of recovery system selected, and the performance and efficiency of the system with time. 

Equilibrate a 1 x 10 cm Sephadex G-25 column with 50 ml Soln. F. Apply the iodinated sample, elute with Soln. F, and collect 1-ml fractions. The iodinated protein appears in the void volume, and free iodine-125 elutes with the total volume. Estimate its radioactivity and calculate the specific radioactivity (Bequerel per milligram of protein). 

A to plug the pore. Assuming the substituent with 6-6.3 A diameter as a sphere, the volume is calculated as being about 78 cm3/mol which is very close to the optimum van der Waals volume estimated from Eq. 59, which is about 76 (= [AVW + VW(H)] x 10). 

EXAMPLE 3.3 Excluded Volume of Bovine Serum Albumin from Osmotic Pressure Measurements. A plot of 7r/c versus c for an aqueous solution of the bovine serum albumin molecule at 25°C and pH = 5.37 is shown in Figure 3.6. The molecule is known to be nearly spherical and uncharged at this pH. Evaluate the molecular weight and the excluded volume of this protein from the intercept and slope of this line, 0.268 torr (g kg-1)-1 and 1.37 10 3 torr kg2 g 2, respectively. From the particle mass and volume, estimate the partial specific volume of the solute in solution. The specific volume of the unsolvated protein is about 0.75 cm3 g 1 does the solute appear to be solvated ... 

Clearly by working with typical spatial resolutions of approximately 30-50 pm, individual pores within the material are not resolved. However, a wealth of information can be obtained even at this lower resolution (53,54,55). Typical data are shown in Fig. 20, which includes images or maps of spin density, nuclear spin-lattice relaxation time (Ti), and self-diffusivity of water within a porous catalyst support pellet. In-plane spatial resolution is 45 pm x 45 pm, and the image slice thickness is 0.3 mm. The spin-density map is a quantitative measure of the amount of water present within the porous pellet (i.e., it is a spatially resolved map of void volume). Estimates of overall pellet void volume obtained from the MR data agree to within 5% with those obtained by gravimetric analysis. 

Vp is the pore volume estimated from N2 isotherms at P/Po=0.6 (P/Po=0.9 for sample 4) using the bulk liquid nitrogen density... 

Micelle volumes estimated from fluorescence depolarization measurements have been found to agree well with those computed from osmotic pressure determinations... 

TABLE 1. Weight and volume estimates for PEMFC power plants with hydrogen stored in 3 forms, compared with a diesel generator for powering a Warrior armoured vehicle. Fuel tank... 

Example 6. Methane gas, originally at 800° C, undergoes a reversible adiabatic expansion that doubles its volume. Estimate the final temperature, considering the gas to be ideal. 

Volume Critical volume exists under which explosive is non-threatening Tomographic imaging capabihty supphes 3-D volume data set with volume estimation of alarm... 

Cationic surfactants represent one of the smaller classes of surfactants when compared to anionic and nonionic surfactants. Annual volume estimates for worldwide production of cationics are 500 000 metric tons [ 1 ]. However, the uniqueness of the positively charged hydrophile provides specific properties which for many applications makes these materials indispensable. The surfactants in the class are dominated by a positively charged nitrogen as the core hydrophile. While other positively charged hydrophiles are possible, such as sulfonium and phosphonium, virtually no commercial products of this type exist [2]. 

Image analysis provide information based on the number of cells examined the question of the volume is therefore often raised, as some other sizing systems (Coulter counter, laser diffraction granulometers) provide volume-based results. It is important to note that, because an image is essentially a plane, volume estimation will require some assumption on the 3D-shape. Bacteria are often considered as cylinders with hemispherical ends at each side. Based on these simple geometrical assumptions their volume can be computed [94,95] ... 

Fig. 37. Swelling efficiency and free volume estimation in well-cured Fi-berite 934 network epoxies, as affected by sub-Tf annealing. Percent swelling is plotted on the ordinate axis while percent of moisture uptake is plotted on the abscissa...

FIGURE F-2 Annual production scenarios for the mean resource estimate showing sharp and rounded peaks, 1900-2125. Growth rate leading to either peak is 2 percent. Sharp peak occurs in 2037 followed by decline at reserve to production ratio of 10. Rounded peak occurs in 2030 followed by decline at 5 percent. U.S. volumes were added to the USGS (2000) foreign volumes estimate to obtain a world total of 3,000 billion barrels (mean value) of ultimately recoverable resources. SOURCE EIA (2000). 

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