Reference soils

Bowman WS, Faye GH, Sutarno R, McKeague JA, Kodama H (1979) New CCRMP reference soils SO-i to SO-4. Geostds Newsl 3 109-113. 

There are very limited comparative studies on fractionations and distribution of trace elements in soils extracted by various selective sequential dissolution protocols. Sutherland and Tack (2003) compared fractionation of Cu, Pb and Zn in reference soils using three selective... 

Durrant, S.F. and Ward, N.I. (1993). Rapid multielemental analysis of Chinese reference soils by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry 345 512-517. 

Two basic concepts are used in developing the naming of different soils. First is the idea that a soil s characteristics will determine which group it falls into and its name. Another idea is that soils will be related to a reference soil. In both cases, the natural soil horizons are used in the soil description. In Soil Taxonomy, horizons used for naming the soil are called diagnostic horizons. In the reference soils, the horizons are called reference horizons. The general concepts are similar in all systems, and so are many names for soil characteristics. The names are often descriptive in that they give an idea of the characteristic of the soil. 

Mercury has several other characteristics that make it of particular environmental concern and make it likely to be found as many different species. It is a natural constituent of soil, although it occurs at low concentrations. It is widely used both in industry and in the laboratory, making it a common contaminant of reference soils. Metallic mercury has a relatively high vapor pressure, which means that it can occur in measurable amounts in the soil atmosphere. It has a high affinity for reduced sulfur compounds in soil solids and soluble organic matter that allows species to be present in the soil solution above mercury s solubility limit. 

Lopez-Avila V, Young R, Beckert WF. Microwave-assisted extraction of organic-compounds from standard reference soils and sediments. Anal. Chem. 1994 66 1097-1106. 

Hankin et al. [46] have used spacially residued time of flight mass spectrometry for quantification studies on polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Deuterated polyaromatic hydrocarbons were used as internal standards, chrysene-d being adopted in the final method. Theoretical values were obtained bj this procedure on standard reference soils. 

Lopez-Avila et al. [25] studied the microwave assisted extraction of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, phenols and organochlorine insecticides from standard reference soils and sediments. 

Gladney and Perrin [11] used epithermal neutron activation analyses to determine down to 50ppm total bromine in soils. Excellent agreement with recommended values were obtained for a range of Canadian reference soils (Table 12.4). 

Table 12.4 Bromine concentrations in Canadian certified reference soils...

Certified value bSO, reference soils from Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology NBS National Bureau of Standards, USA IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria... 

Groundwater Chemicals Desk Reference Soil organic carbon/water partition coefficient, log Kqc ... 

Gawlik, B.M., Kettmp, A., and Mnntan, H. Estimation of soil adsorption coefficients of organic compounds by HPLC screening nsing the second generation of the Enropean reference soil set, Chemosphere, 41(9) 1337 -1347, 2000. 

Thorstensen, CAN., Lode, 0., Eklo, O.M., and Christiansen, A. Sorption ofbentazone, dichlorprop, MCPA, and propiconazole in reference soils from Norway, J. Environ. Qual, 30(6) 2046-2052, 2001. 

Mixture of reference soil and 25% compost with addition of Ecoflex after 12 weeks composting. 

Samples of sand spiked with 36 nitroaromatic compounds, 19 haloethers, and 42 organochlorine pesticides, and a standard reference soil (certified for 13 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, dibenzofuran, and pentachlorophenol) were extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide in a two- or four-vessel supercritical fluid extractor to establish the efficiency of the extraction and the degree of agreement of the parallel extraction recoveries. Furthermore, the many variables that influence the extraction process (e.g., flowrate, pressure, temperature, moisture content, cell volume, sample size, extraction time, modifier type, modifier volume, static versus dynamic extraction, volume of solvent in the collection vessel, and the use of glass beads to fill the void volume) were investigated. 

The effect of varying flowrate, pressure, and temperature was investigated using the SRS103-100 standard reference soil and the Hewlett Packard extractor. The experiments were performed under the conditions given in Table II. 

Gladney and Perrin [6] used epithermal neutron activation analysis to determine down to 50 ppb bromine in the US Geological Survey Reference Soils GXR-2, GXR-5 and GXR-6, and the Canadian Certified Reference Soils SO-1, SO-2, SG-3 and SO-4. The values reported in Table 6.1 indicate that good agreement was obtained between neutron activation analysis results and recommended values. The relative standard deviation was on the order of 10% over the concentration range 1-15 ppm bromine ... 

Table 6.1. Bromine concentrations in Canadian Certified Reference Soils (from [6])...

The soil HMBC (SHMBC) is the ratio of the IC50 of a metal in a soil sample divided by the IC50 of a metal in a reference soil. 

IC50 of reference soil spiked with the same metal... 

The reference materials currendy certified for metals extractable by a sequential extraction procedure are BCR CRM 601 and BCR CRM 701. The lack of reference materials in this area has prompted many workers to apply sequential extraction to other reference soils and sediments, certified for total metal contents, in an attempt to provide interim data useful in method validation. 

Hamlet City lake sediment, WES reference soil, batch sorption equilibrium, Brannon et al. 1995) 4.73 (Ispra oil, calculated-MCI Sabljic et al. 1995)... 

The specialized machine used to perform a standardized test method for measuring the effectiveness of detergents. The degree to which reference soils are washed from standard fabric swatches in the presence of detergents and under specified conditions is determined. See also Detergent, Detergency. 

One crucial component of the forensic application of soil science is the development of a set of reference soils and databases, which would enable the estimation of the probability of obtaining accurate soil comparisons. 

Gawlik, B.M., Kettrup, A., Muntau, H. (1999) Characterisation of a second generation of European reference soils for sorption studies in the framework of chemical testing - Part II soil adsorption behaviour of organic chemicals. Sci. Total Environ. 229, 109-120. 

Gawlik,. B.M., Feicht, E.A., Karcher, W., Kettup, A., Mujntau, H. (1998) Application of the European reference soil set (EUROSOILS) to a HPLC-screening method for the estimation of soil adsorption coefficients of organic compounds. Chemosphere 36, 2903-2919. 

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