Mustard brown

A recent review of the metabolites of L. maculans and L biglobosa produced in diverse culture conditions [19] emphasized that both species biosynthesize host-selective and non-selective phytotoxins. Importantly, it was shown that the composition of metabolite profiles of L. maculans depended on the composition of the culture medium. In a chemically defined liquid medium, isolates virulent on canola produced mainly sirodesmin PL (1), a non-host-selective phytotoxin, minor sirodesmins with one, three, or four sulfurs bridging the dioxopiperazine ring (sirodesmin H (3) [20], sirodesmin J (4) and K (5) [21]) and phomalirazine (6) (Fig. 9.1). The various sirodesmins 1-5 and phomalirazine (6) caused necrotic lesions of different intensities on leaves of both resistant and susceptible plants. Phomalide (7), the first host-selective phytotoxin isolated from virulent isolates of L. maculans, caused disease symptoms (necrotic, chlorotic, and reddish lesions) on canola (susceptible to L maculans) but not on brown mustard or white mustard... 

Fig. 9.2 Chemical structure of the host-selective phytotoxin 8 produced by brown mustard virulent isolates of Leptosphaeria maculans. Phytotoxin 8 is produced in a chemically defined medium...

L. maculans isolates Laird 2 and Mayfair 2 (virulent on brown mustard but not on canola) produced in a chemically defined medium the host-selective phytotoxin depsilairdin (8) (Fig. 9.2), containing a novel amino acid residue ((25,35,45)-3,4-dihydroxy-3-methylprolyl) and a sesquiterpene moiety (lairdinol A, synthesized recently [25,26]). Depsilairdin (8) caused disease symptoms similar to those caused by the pathogen on brown mustard, that is, strong necrotic and chlorotic lesions, but no lesions on canola. 

A recent search for general and specific elicitors from L. maculans demonstrated that the phytotoxins sirodesmin PL (1) and deacetylsirodesmin PL (2) are general elicitors since both induced the production of phytoalexins in resistant brown mustard and in susceptible canola [31]. Furthermore, two specific elicitors, a mixture of cerebrosides C (13) and D (14), were reported from mycelia of liquid cultures of L. maculans virulent on canola (Fig. 9.5) [19]. Previously, cerebrosides C (13) and D(14) were reported from a number of phytopathogenic fungi and were reported to induce the production of phytoalexins in rice plants and disease resistance to the rice blast fungus [32]. 

Fig. 9.9 Transformation of the phytoalexin brassinin (28) by (i) L. maculans virulent on canola to indole-3-carboxaldehyde (30) and (ii) L. maculans virulent on brown mustard to indolyl-3-methanamine (31)...

Pedras MSC, Gadagi RS, Jha M, Sarma-MamiUapalle VK (2007) Detoxification of the phytoalexin brassinin by isolates of Leptosphaeria maculans pathogenic on brown mustard involves an inducible hydrolase. Phytochemistry 68 1572-1578... 

Uptake of B is species dependent. Greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to study B uptake by different plant species, Brassica juncea (L.) Czern (wild brown mustard), Festuca arundinacea Schreb. L. (tall fescue), and Brassica napus (canola) (Banuelos et al., 1993). Results showed that the greatest total amount of above ground biomass and below surface biomass was produced by tall fescue and the highest concentrations of tissue B were from roots of tall fescue. A correlation for B and Ca has been reported by Dixon et al. (1973), where B sprays have been shown to increase Ca transport into apples ( Malus spp.). 

Milk—or chemically modified milk proteins, lactates, caseinians Mustard (Brassica spp.), brown, mustard flour, extract, oil Papain (Carica papaya L.)... 

Rapeseed/Canola belongs to the turnip rutabaga, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, and mustard family of crops that can be grown at low temperatures and moderate humidity. Three species have been grown as oilseeds Brassica napus, known in Europe as rape, oil rape, Swede rape, and Argentine rape B. campestris, known as rapeseed, oil turnip, turnip rape, and Polish rape and B. juncea, known as leaf mustard, brown mustard, Oriental mustard, and Indian mustard. B. campestris was grown in India as early as 2000-1500 BC. 

The brassicas of importance as foods include turnips, rutabagas, mustards, and the cole crops — cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, and brussels sprouts. The production of isothiocyanates in brassicas is via an enzymatic reaction on specific glycosides. Some of the isothiocyanates, especially allylthiocyanate, are highly pungent and are mainly responsible for the odors of brown mustard, horseradish, cabbage, and other crucifers. Any process that destroys or inactivates enzymes in these plants will cause decreases in aroma production, resulting in a less distinctive flavor. This is usually the case when brassica foodstuffs are commercially preserved. 

Mustard, Black. Brown mustard red mustard. Dried rips seeds of Brassica nigra (L.) Koch, or of B. juncea (L.) Cosson, and of varieties of these species (Cmciferael, Habit. Europe, Asia, naturalized in U S. Consrit. Sinigrin (potassium myronate), my rosin, sinapine sulfocyanate, fixed oil erucic, behenjc, and sinapolic adds. 

Figure 3- KPLC chrontatogram of methanol extract of brown mustard seeds (See Table I for identifications)...

Table III. Gliicosinotate Content of Brown Mustard Seeds...

Mustard seed oil [Brassica alba (white mustard), B. hirta (yellow mustard), B, nigra (black mustard), B, juncea (brown mustard), 5. carinata Braun (Ethiopian mustard), Cruciferae, see also rapeseed oil]... 

Mustard seed is normally associated in the West with table mustard, its taste arising from sulphur-based essential oils. B. juncea (brown mustard) is however grown for its oil in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Other species of Cruciferae grown for oil in southern Asia are B. tournefortii Gouan and rocket (Eruca saliva hill). 

Oilseed rape and tnmip rape are 60-70% self-fertile bnt they will also ont-cross readily with other species, if in flower, such as swedes, fodder tnmips, fodder rape, black and brown mustards and Chinese cabbage. Volunteer oilseed rape plants in neighbouring fields can be an important source of pollen contamination (especially the high emcic acid varieties). Isolation requirements for seed crops are therefore quite stringent. There should be a physical barrier or at least 2 m fallow between the crop and aity other crop likely to cause contamination. In addition, there should be an isolation gap of at least 200 m between a certified seed crop and aity source of pollen contamination such as other varieties of oilseed rape or any of the crops mentioned above. For the production of Basic seed this minimum isolation gap should be doubled to 400 m and for hybrid varieties these distances must be increased by a further 100 m. 

Mustard, which is made from the seeds of certain plants of the mustard family (Cruciferae), is the leading spice in worldwide usage. The four species of mustard seeds used for this purpose are (1) white mustard (SInapIs alba), (2) brown mustard (BrassicaJuncea), (3) black mustard (Brassica nigra), and (4) Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata). It is noteworthy that brown mustard, which is also called Indian mustard, may also be grown for its green leaves rather than for its seeds. 

Source Brown mustard Brassica juncea (L.) Czem. et Coss. (syn. Sinapis juncea L.) Black mustard Brassica nigra (L.) Koch White mustard Sinapis alba L. (syn. B. alba (L.) Rabenh. B. alba (L.) Boiss. B. hirta Moench) (Family Cruciferae or Brassicaceae). 

Annual or biennial herbs brown and white mustards up to about 1 m, black mustard up to 3 m high white mustard and black mustard are native to Eurasia (probably the Mediterranean region), and brown mustard is native to Asia. All three are cultivated worldwide. Parts used are their dried ripe seeds. 

White, or yellow, mustard (5. alba) contains the glucosinolate sinalbin, which on hydrolysis by enzymes present (myrosin or glucosinolases) yields /i-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate (a relatively nonvolatile compound), -hydroxybenzylamine, and other similar components (proteins, fixed oils, sinapine, rhamnogalacturonan mucilage, etc.) as brown mustard (jiangsu marsh). 

Cabbage (35-590) cauliflower (12-66) Brussels sprouts (110-1560) brown mustard (16,000-72,000) horseradish (4500)... 

Brassica juncea (brown mustard) is a plant that accumulates heavy metals like cadmium in its roots. This metal accumulating habit can be used for removing heavy metals from polluted soils. Interesting question, how the Cd-induced stress influences the photosynthetic activity of this cadmium accumulating plant. SECM method allows measuring the immediate stress response at microscale, showing the change of stomata structure and photosynthetic activity. 

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