Sunflower hulls

The thermal stability of the anthocyanins from sunflower hulls (genotype Neagra de Cluj) extracted with SO2 in different concentration solutions was verified by heating for various durations at 65 to 95°C and at a pH range from 1 to 5. The degradation increased with the increasing of SO2 in the extraction solvent. "... 

Hull-like Aromatic characteristic of grain hulls. Peanut or sunflower hulls... 

Undehulled sunflowerseed meals cannot match soybean meals in the meal market, their use being limited to mminant feeds. In addition, sunflower hulls contain a large amount of raw fiber (60-65%) of practically no nutritional value, so that they are almost exclusively used as mminant feed. 

Sunflower hulls are also used as fuel, with a caloric power of 19.2 MJ/kg, and the caloric power of hull and meal is 23.6 MJ/kg, constituting an improved fuel. Hull burning is an alternative to the use of more expensive fuels in some countries. The resulting ashes are rich in potassium and may be used as fertilizers (146). 

Sunflower hulls may also be pressed and shaped into fireplace logs, including wood residues. In view of their high content in reducing sugars, sunflower hulls can be used for the production of ethyl alcohol and furfural. Other minor uses include building or insulation board. 

Use in animal feeds. Hulls can be used in ruminant feeds when finely ground and mixed with other ingredients. When adequate energy is provided, sunflower hull pellets may be used as a portion of the roughage component in ruminant rations due to their high content of cellulose and lignin. They are used to add bulk to concentrated rations and to absorb liquids such as molasses. Sunflower hulls are sold to feed manufacturers and livestock feeders at prices comparable to those of other ingredients (38). 

Gao, L. and Mazza, G. 1996. Extraction of anthocyanin from purple sunflower hulls. J. Food Sci. 61, 600-603. 

Owing to our technical possibilities, we couldn t detect the degree of such metal impurities in sunflower hull and meal. The degree of impurities in oil and lecithin is acceptable. 

The element content of sunflower hull, meal and lecithin as by-products for feeding purposes, examined by us, agrees to the Hungarian prescriptions. 

Sunflower. Two types of sunflowers are grown in the United States. Varieties grown for oilseed production, ca 85% of crop, are generally black-seeded, having thin seed coats that adhere to the kernels. These contain 40—50% oil and ca 20% protein. Nonoilseed varieties, ca 15% of crop, sometimes referred to as confectionery, striped, or large-seeded sunflowers, have striped, relatively thick hulls that do not adhere to the kernels. These contain 20—30% oil and are usually larger than seeds of oilseed varieties. 

Compositions of the four oilseeds are given in Table 2. All except soybeans have a high content of seed coat or hull. Because of the high hull content, the cmde fiber content of the other oilseeds is also high. Confectionery varieties of sunflower seed may contain up to 28% cmde fiber on a dry basis (8). Soybeans differ from the other oilseeds in their high protein and low oil content. AH these oilseeds, however, yield high protein meals when dehuUed and defatted. 

Among the dopes used may be cited the following combustibles colophony (used by Nobel in his Dynamites of 1869 1873) (Vol 3 of Encycl, p C403R) wood-meal, woodpulp and sawdust in Grisounite and in some Amer Dynamites cork,charcoal (in "Carbodynamite , described in Ref 60, p C52-L) naphthalene (in Rheinischdynamit) and cotton or other forms of cellulose (in "Forcites ). Less frequently have been used peat moss, ivoty nut meal, unbaked com flakes, starch, pulverised peanut hull, pulverized cottonseed hulls and sunflower seed shells... 

Oilseeds, oil fruits, their products and by-products rapeseed, expeller and hulls soybean as bean, toasted, expeller and hulls sunflower seed as seed and expeller cotton as seed and seed expeller linseed as seed and expeller sesame seed as expeller palm kernels as expeller pumpkin seed as expeller olives, olive pulp vegetable oils (from physical extraction). (Turnip rapeseed expeller was delisted in 2004.)... 

Table 4.1.36A. Sunflower meal dehulled expeller (IFN 5-30-033). The meal obtained after the removal of most of the oil from sunflower seeds without hulls by a mechanical extraction process. (From CFIA, 2007.)...

It is particularly important to remember that the sample used in analyzing safflower oil contents must be first cleaned of all dockage (including empty hulls), unlike the common method of measuring sunflower oil contents, which is... 

There are two basic types of sunflower (1) oilseed type and (2) nonoil type, the latter supplying the bird meal and confectionary markets. The first hybrid oilseed types bore small black seeds with a thin hull (representing 20-25% of total seed weight) with a 40% oil content. The non-oilseed type is somewhat different it has a larger seed with a thicker black-and-white-striped hull (representing 40-45% of total seed weight), which is weakly attached to the kernel and can easily be removed. These seeds contain 30% of oil. 

The hull is mainly composed of flbrous substances, lignin and cellulosic materials in equal proportions. Kernels of oilseed-type sunflower contain nearly all of the oil of seeds, besides proteinaceous substances and carbohydrates. The kernel represents 70% of the seed, with an oil content of approximately 55%, amounting to 40% with respect to the whole seed. The protein content ranges between 20% and 35%, amounting to up to 57% on a water-and-oil-free basis (1, 5, 11). 

A commonly occurring hull and kernel composition is shown in Figures 2 and 3, respectively, as well as of sunflower meal in Figure 4. Data correspond to a fully dehulled meal, a condition difficult to obtain in practice (1, 5, 11). 

Purdy (37) reported on the fatty acid composition and other analytical characteristics of high-oleic sunflower oil of the Pervenets variety cultivated in three regions of the United States. The oil content of seeds ranged between 43.3% and 47.9% (dry basis), the hull accounting for 24—33% of total seed weight. Table 7 shows the fatty acid composition of high-oleic sunflower oil (37, 41-43). 

The equilibrium moisture of seeds is modified upon dehulling. Equilibrium moisture values for undehulled sunflower seeds, hulls, and kernels are compared as a function of the relative humidity of the surrounding air at 25°C (Figure 16). The initial moisture content of all seeds was 5% (dry basis). Those samples stored at a relative humidity below 33% reached the equilibrium by desorption, and those at a relative humidity above 33% reached the equilibrium by adsorption (51). 

Figure 15. Equilibrium moisture (%) of sunflower seed with hull as a function of air relative humidity (%) for three temperatures [based on (51)].

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