Feeds protein

In general, nonconventional protein foods must be competitive with conventional plant and animal protein sources on the bases of cost delivered to the consumer, nutritional value to humans or animals, functional value in foods, sensory quality, and social and cultural acceptability. Also, requirements of regulatory agencies in different countries for freedom from toxins or toxic residues in single-cell protein products, toxic glycosides in leaf protein products, pathogenic microorganisms, heavy metals and toxins in fish protein concentrates, or inhibitory or toxic peptide components in synthetic peptides must be met before new nonconventional food or feed protein products can be marketed. 

The nutrient sparing effect of antibiotics may result from reduction or elimination of bacteria competing for consumed and available nutrients. It is also recognized that certain bacteria synthesize vitamins (qv), amino acids (qv), or proteins that may be utilized by the host animal. Support of this mode of action is found in the observed nutritional interactions with subtherapeutic use of antibiotics in animal feeds. Protein concentration and digestibiHty, and amino acid composition of consumed proteins may all influence the magnitude of response to feeding antibiotics. Positive effects appear to be largest... 

Most often, the rates for feedstock destruction in anaerobic digestion systems are based upon biogas production or reduction of total solids (TS) or volatile solids (VS) added to the system. Available data for analyses conducted on the specific polymers in the anaerobic digester feed are summarized in Table II. The information indicates a rapid rate of hydrolysis for hemicellulose and lipids. The rates and extent of cellulose degradation vary dramatically and are different with respect to the MSW feedstock based on the source and processing of the paper and cardboard products (42). Rates for protein hydrolysis are particularly difficult to accurately determine due the biotransformation of feed protein into microbial biomass, which is representative of protein in the effluent of the anaerobic digestion system. 

Wadsworth, J. I. Vinnett, C. H. In "Nutritional Improvement of Food and Feed Proteins" Friedman, M.,... 

VC Mason, M Rudemo, S Bech-Andersen. Hydrolysate preparation for amino acid determinations in feed constituents. 6. The influence of phenol and formic acid on the recovery of amino acids from oxidized feed proteins. Z Tierphysiol Tierernaehr Futtermittelkd 43 35-48, 1980. 

Figure 25 Generalized scheme of protein and lipid changes during the development of embryos and larvae (endogenous feeding). Protein in 1, whole egg 2, egg capsule 3, yolk and 4, embryo. 5, Total lipids in embryo. I, hatching from egg n, transfer to mixed feeding HI, total yolk resorption Max, maximum body mass.

Ito, K., Ohara, K.I., Murosaki, S. et al. 1997. Murine model of IgE production with a predominant Th2-response by feeding protein antigen without adjuvants. Eur J Immunol 27 3427-3437. 

Microbial transglutaminase is capable of incorporating amino acids or peptides covalently into proteins (Nonaka et al., 1996). This reaction can improve the nutritive values of food or feed proteins, because covalently incorporated amino acids or peptides behave like amino acid residues in a protein. 

All of the above-mentioned factors affecting the biological quality of proteins should be taken into consideration when dealing with the nutritional improvement of food and feed proteins. Furthermore, the covalent attachment of essential amino acids to proteins by chemical methods must avoid damage to the biological quality of proteins if it is to have potential applications. 

Table I. Improvement of the Nutritional Value of Food and Feed Proteins...

As shown in Table 34.8, the oil content of row crop oilseeds varies from about 19 percent for soybean to 43 percent for sunflowerseed, and 41 to 45 percent for rapeseed/canola. More feed coproducts always are produced than oils, with a ratio 4 1 in the case of soybean. Soybean meal is the major feed protein source for production of poultry, currently the leading domestic and global meat source, and in the rapidly developing aquaculture industries. 

Rapeseed has become an important crop in the temperate zones of the world, with production in more than 30 countries on 5 continents. The productive capacity of the crop and the nutritive value of its protein have made rapeseed a leading potential source of food and feed protein ingredients. Oilseed rapeseed was grown in India over 3000 years ago, and at least 2000 years ago in China and Japan. It is not clear when rapeseed oil became a food oil in addition to its use as a fuel for lamp lighting and for soap and candles. Throughout most of the long history of this crop, the cake or meal was used as a fertilizer or soil conditioner, a practice that persists today in China and Japan (5). 

A consequence of the lower levels of plasma RBP produced by pmtein malnutrition is impairment cjf vitamin A transport from the liver to other tissues however, vitamin A deficiency can also result from heavy reliance on foods that are extremely poor sources of vitamin A, such as rice or cassava. Both factors (lack of RBP or of vitamin A) can lead to deterioration of the epithelial cells of the ga.stm-intestlnal tract, respiratory tract, and eye, all signs of vitamin A deficiency. Another sign is nlghtblindness. Table 4.19 illustrates how feeding protein to malnourished children can result in an improvement in vitamin A status, even when the source of proteins contains little or no vitamin A. Some children with kwashiorkor were fed skim milk. The concentrations of RBP and vitamin A measured in the serum of these children before and after feeding show an increase in plasma RBP. A dramatic rise in plasma vitamin A also occurred, probably as a result of the liver s... 

TABLE 4.19 Effect of Feeding Protein to Malnourished Children... 

Song, J., Xu, K., Ma, H., and Huang, J. (2005b). Method for producing feed protein by liquid-solid fermentation of apple pomace. Patent no. CN 1663421-A. 

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