Oilseed rape

The fact that is not radioactive means that it can be used safely in experiments in the field, but it also means that much patient work is needed to obtain results. The approach is demanding in terms of time, equipment, and skilled manpower, but it has made a great contribution to the understanding of the nitrate problem. The results that are outlined here are from experiments made by staff at Rothamsted, but key contributions have also come from Scotland and France. " The majority of the Rothamsted experiments involved winter wheat, but oilseed rape, potatoes, beans, and sugar beet were also grown. The soil is a factor in nitrate leaching, and three types were used, the flinty, silty clay loam at Rothamsted, a sandy loam at Woburn in Bedfordshire and a heavy sandy clay at Saxmimdham in Suffolk. 

Up to Harvest. Oilseed rape and field beans are used as break crops for winter wheat on a variety of soils, and potatoes are used on the lighter soils. Sugar beet may also be grown, but this depends not only on the soil but also on the proximity of a sugar beet processing factor. Four Rothamsted-based experiments compared the effectiveness of winter wheat and winter oilseed rape in their use of labelled nitrogen fertilizer. Potatoes were included in two of these experiments and sugar beet and field beans in one experiment each. Two criteria based on the... 

Table 2 Efficiency of use of nitrogen fertilizer by winter wheat, winter oilseed rape, potatoes and sugar beet.

Data of a different kind, the nitrate losses through the held drains of the Brimstone experiment,also suggest that winter oilseed rape uses nitrogen fertilizer somewhat less efficiently than does winter wheat, but this experiment did not include the other crops discussed above. 

After Flarvest. How do the memory effects shown by the other crops compare with those of winter wheat Winter wheat did not show a memory effect after one year, but oilseed rape does seem to do so. Researchers of the Agricultural Development and Advisory Service found that nitrate production by microbes in the soil after a rape crop increased with the amount of fertilizer given to the crop (R. Sylvester-Bradley, personal communication). One reason may lie in this crop s habit of shedding its leaves as harvest approaches, which means that the microbes in the soil get early access to these residues. This habit might contribute to the apparently smaller efficiency of this crop in using nitrogen fertilizer. The crop may be just as efficient as winter wheat at taking up the fertilizer but drops... 

GiAMOUSTARis A and MITHEN R (1995) The effect of modifying the glucosinolate content of leaves of oilseed rape (Brassica-napus ssp oleifera) on its interaction with specialist and generalist pests . Annals Appl Bio, 126, 347-63. 

Hdrtensteiner, S. and Krautler, B., Chlorophyll breakdown in oilseed rape, Photo-synth. Res., 64, 137, 2000. 

Me Me Metazachlor 67129-08-2 Potato, oilseed rape, soybeans, vegetables... 

Oily crops such as soybeans and canola (oilseed rape) cannot be extracted with aqueous buffers, because the extraction solvent cannot permeate the hydrophobic plant tissue matrix. In these cases, homogenization in acetonitrile-hexane is recommended. This solvent mixture is able to extract sulfonylureas from these samples with a minimum of co-extracted oil. After extraction, the sulfonylureas partition into the acetonitrile phase while most of the oil stays in the hexane phase. Further cleanup is accomplished using a silica SPE cartridge and normal-phase conditions. 

Trinexapac-ethyl is a plant growth regulator used to prevent lodging in cereals and oilseed rape. Other uses... 

Monsanto/1996 Oilseed rape Plant Genetic Systems/1995 Oilseed rape (Canola)... 

Oilseed rape (Canola) Calgene/1992 12 0 Acyl carrier protein thioesterase Umbellularia californica (California Bay) High-laurate canola oil... 

Oilseed rape (Canola) AgrEvo/1995 PAT Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate... 

Oilseed rape (Canola) Monsanto/1995 EPSPS, glyphosate oxidoreductase (GOX) Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4, Achromobacter sp. strain LBAA Tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate... 

Winter barley is an ideal entry for oilseed rape because the earlier harvest allows early drilling of rape. It has been shown on organic farms that building up fertility by using a green manure crop, such as red clover, has paid off financially, with the subsequent boost in yield of the following cereal crop. 

Oilseed rape is very demanding on soil nutrients and no specialist organic market has yet been found for the organic product, so it is rarely grown in organic systems. 

Linseed has a lower nitrogen requirement than oilseed rape, so it could be grown satisfactorily in organic systems, but again no specialist market is available. It is also a crop that is difficult to keep weed free. 

Glen D M, Jones H and Fieldsend J K (1990), Damage to oilseed rape seedlings by the filed slug Deroceras reticulatum in relation to glucosinolate concentration , Ann Appl... 

Cuthbert, J.L. and McVetty, P.B.E. (2001). Plot-to-plot, row-to-row and plant-to-plant out-crossing studies in oilseed rape , Can. J. Plant Sci., 81, 657-664. 

Jensen LS, Mueller T, Magid J, Nielsen NE (1997) Temporal variation of C and N mineralization, microbial biomass and extractable organic pools in soil after oilseed rape straw incorporation in the field. Soil Biol Biochem 29 1043-1055... 

Oilseed rape has been selected as the model plant for our production system because of its high protein content, rapid sprouting, large number of seeds, efficient... 

The amino acid composition of storage proteins differs from that of the complete sprout [12, 13]. At least in the case of oilseed rape, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Camelina sativa, amino acids in the sprout are used mainly, either directly or indirectly, for the synthesis of the Rubisco proteins. Computer analysis shows that the amino acid composition of cruciferin and napin is completely different to the amino acid composition of Rubisco. This indicates that amino acids released from the seed storage proteins must be converted into other amino acids prior to Rubisco synthesis. 

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) >5 37, 38, our unpublished data... 

Fig. 3.4 A. Laboratory scale 10-L sprouting equipment. The apparatus is made from glass. Oilseed rape sprouts have been grown for three days under continuous aeration. The sprouting medium is tap water. B. A schematic drawing of the major parts of the apparatus.

According to FAO statistics, the average field harvest of oilseed rape in Europe is 2500 kg ha-1 [8] and based on our own experiments, 3000 kg ha-1 yields can be obtained in the greenhouse. This translates into an annual harvest potential of 9000 kg ha-1, based on the fact that three harvests each of 3000 kg ha 1can be obtained in a year. The desired protein is produced predominantly in the sprout. The developing seeds do not accumulate recombinant protein. 

Four cereal crops have thus far been utilized for the production of recombinant proteins maize, rice, wheat and barley. It is notable that, despite the attention given to tobacco, oilseed rape and potatoes as major expression systems, the only cultivated... 

In the quest to find other plants that are suitable as bioreactors, various monocoty-ledonous and dicotyledonous species have been tested. These include corn [16], rice and wheat [17], alfalfa [18], potato [19, 20], oilseed rape [21], pea [22], tomato [23] and soybean [24]. The major advantage of cereal crops is that recombinant proteins can be directed to accumulate in seeds, which are evolutionar specialized for storage and thus protect proteins from proteolytic degradation. Recombinant proteins are reported to remain stable in seeds for up to five months at room temperature [17] and for at least three years at refrigerator temperature without significant loss of activity [25]. In addition, the seed proteome is less complex than the leaf proteome, which makes purification quicker and more economical [26]. 

Oilcrops Oilseed rape, safflower, Camelina sativa Oil-body purification, sprouting system Lower biomass yields, oil bodies incompatible with glycosylation... 

Castilla y Leon, and Castilla la Mancha. This part is also the most significant for industrial plants such as biomass crops and oilseed rape. In the southernmost regions of Castilla La Mancha and Catalunya, dry fruit trees and vineyards increase in significance, while the Ebro River delta supports a well-developed rice farming activity. Diffuse pollution originated by pesticides application in the basin has been widely studied [1-3]. A historical pollution from chemical plants manufacturing solvents and chlorinated pesticides in the southern part of the river basin is also well known [4]. Automobile, textile, food, and wood industry as well as mining activities are important in the northern part. 

Glucosinolate biosynthesis further characterization of the aldoxime-forming microsomal monoxygenases in oilseed rape leaves, Plant Physiol., 1995, 109, 299-305. 

KIDDLE, G.A., BENNETT, R.N., HICK, A.J., WALLSGROVE, R.M., C-S lyase activities in leaves of crucifers and non-crucifers, and the characterzation of three classes of C-S lyase activities from oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), Plant, Cell and Environment, 1999, 22, 433-445. 

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