Mustard,wild

Seed germination. Tests for allelochemical Inhibition of wild mustard [Brasslca kaber (DC.) L.C. Wheeler var. plnnatlflda (Stokes) L.C. Wheeler] seed germination were made according to the methods of Leather (3). Germination of white clover (Trlfollum... 

Seed germination. Germination of wild mustard seeds with a dormancy level of about 50 percent was stimulated after 10 days to... 

TABLE I. Effect of Ferullc (FA) and Benzoic (BA) Acids on the Germination of Wild Mustard Seeds... 

Canada thistle Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., quack grass E.s repens (L.) Gould, barnyard grass E. crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv., monochoriaMonochoria vaginalis (Burm. F.) C. Presl ex Kunth Wild mustard Sinapis arvensis L. 

The interaction of weeds with crops may be positive too. In a study, controlled densities of wild mustard (Brassica campestris L. var. italica) interplanted with broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Premium Crop) increased the yield by 50% (Jimenez-Osomio and Gliessman 1987). 

Conklin AE, Erich MS, liebman M, Lambert D, Gallandt ER, Halteman WA (2002) Effects of red clover (Trifolium pratense) green manure and compost soil amendments on wild mustard (Brassica kaber) growth and incidence of disease. Plant Soil 238 245-256 Cook SM, Khan ZR, Pickett JA (2007) The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management. Annu Rev Entomol 52 375-400... 

Crop plants versus weeds. Both thin and dense field stands of Kentucky-31 fescue were observed by Peters (68) to be relatively free of weeds. Extracts of fescue, sand cultures, and split-root-system experiments demonstrated that fescue produced toxic chemicals which exuded from the roots and inhibited growth of wild mustard and birdsfoot trefoil. 

Allelopathic Interference in a Wild Mustard (Brassica campestris L.) and Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) Intercrop Agroecosystem... 

Non-crop plants associated with the crop species offer possibilities for allelopathic weed control. In this study Brassica campestris (wild mustard), which is an important weed in Santa Cruz County, and broccoli, a common crop, were intercropped, The allelopathic potential of both species and the changes in this potential throughout their life cycle were demonstrated with experiments in the laboratory. Effects of different planting densities and sowing time of canpestris on the crop yield are analyzed. Preliminary steps to separate the physiologically active compound(s) are described. The possibilities for the use of Brassica campestris in agroecosystem design as a non-crop plant that promotes pest control are described. 

Five weeJcs after sowing, the broccoli was transplanted into the field while wild mustard was planted directly on the date of broccoli transplant. The area was irrigated every wee)c with overhead sprin-)clers throughout the experiment and fertilized 10.1 L/ha fish emulsion ("Grow Force brand) at 30 and 57 days after set-up of the experiment. The plots were hand weeded selectively every 15 days, samples of the volunteer weeds were ta)cen through the plot method (18), and the number of different species, number of individuals of each species, and biomass (dry weight) were recorded for each plot. The dominance, frequency, density, and importance value were calculated for each species in each plot. 

Table V summarizes the effects of extracts of dry tissues of broccoli and wild mustard on the radicular growth of indicator species (jl. vulgare, multiflorum, V. atropurpurea and sativus). ...

Other studies have provided evidence for the allelopathic potential of wild mustard W and broccoli (, 22). The results from the... 

The water-soluble extracts of wild mustard and broccoli plants were species specific, as shown by the results obtained by other authors (22, 31, 32). The greater insensitivity of crucifers is apparently related to the presence of specific myrosinases which are capable of transforming the breakdown products of the glucosinolates (33). 

Field studies do not demonstrate conclusive allelopathic inhibition of weeds by wild mustard or broccoli, but there are some indications of allelopathic interference. First, the main weeds in the first weeding were crucifers in all treatments, but not in the following weedings. They were stimulated to germinate only at that time. Second, broccoli production was affected by B. campestris yields were increased during the summer. Earlier planting of mustard in the fall inhibited broccoli yields, but had no effect when mustard was planted at the same time broccoli was transplanted. In addition, stimulatory effects of crucifers on other crucifers or other crops has been observed before (10, 16, 41). 

In this study some assays showed stimulation by wild mustard extracts on broccoli radicular growth, and field experiments demonstrated that broccoli production can increase in the presence of the non-crop plant. Mean production of broccoli for Santa Cruz County varies from 4 to 6 tons/acre (42). The yield obtained when B. cam-pestris was at a density of 8 plants/m2 was 6.74 tons/acre even with broccoli planted in lower density than in conventional monocrops. During the fall, broccoli production was reduced significantly, yet it is important to mention that the variety (Premium Crop) is not the one most recommended for this season. 

Jeffers, G.M., J.T. O Donovan, and L.M. Hall (1996). Wild mustard (Brassica kaber) resistance to ethametsulfuron but not to other herbicides. Weed Technol., 10 847-850. 

Atrazine plays a central role in ecofallow because of its low cost, effective weed control, and extended soil activity. Atrazine controls volunteer wheat and most of the winter annual weed complex - including cheat, downy brome, wild mustards, and henbit, plus many spring annuals. No alternative herbicide has similar characteristics. Repeated applications of nonresidual, foliar-applied herbicides such as glyphosate or paraquat are not as economical. 

Jimenez-Osornio J. J., S, R. Gliessman. Allelopathic interference in a wild mustard (Brassica campestris L.) and broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) intercrop agroecosystem. In Allelochemicals, Role in Agriculture and Forestry, Waller G.R. ed. ACS Symp. Ser. 330. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, USA, 1987 pp. 262-274. 

Ohno, T., Doolan, K., Zibilske, L.M., Liebman, M., Gallandt, E., Berube, C. Phytotoxic effects of red clover amended soils on wild mustard seedling growth. Agricult Ecosyst Environm 2000 78 187-192. Pereda-Miranda, R., R. Mata, A.L. Anaya, J.M. Pezzuto, D.B.M. Wickramaratne, A.D. Kinghorn. Tricolorin A, major phytogrowth-inhibitor from Ipomoea tricolor. J Natural Products 1993 56 571-582. 

Fay and Duke (23) approached the question of allelopathic expression from oats in a different way. They screened 3,000 accessions of Avena spp. germ plasm for output of scopoletin, a known inhibitor from oats. Some exuded up to three times as much scopoletin as a standard cultivar, and these were the most active in suppressing wild mustard [R taW-tca kabeA (D.C.) L.C. Wheeler] in sand culture. However, in loamy-sand soil this activity was lost. 

Evaluation of TFMS Herbicidal Activity. The herbicidal potency of the 15 substituted TFMS compounds was rated after a 21-day test period on a 0-100% kill scale. Herbicidal test data were collected for two grass species (Foxtail, Cheat Grass) and a broadleaf weed (Wild Mustard) in the presence and absence of 0.1% (w/v) Tween 80. Since the tests... 

Table VII fists the LD90 values determined for each of the 15 TFMS derivatives in pre-emergence tests on Foxtail, Cheat Grass, and Wild Mustard. The Foxtail and Wild Mustard tests were carried out in the...

Table VII. NHS02CF3 JL LD90 Values for TFMS Pre-Emergence Herbicides Wild Mustard Chpni PmQQ Foxtail Grass (Broadleaf) ...

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