Important Point

Additional separation and recycling. Once the possibilities for recycling streams directly, feed purification, and eliminating the use of extraneous materials for separation that cannot be recycled efiiciently have been exhausted, attention is turned to the fourth option, the degree of material recovery from the waste streams that are left. One very important point which should not be forgotten is that once the waste stream is rejected, any valuable material turns into a liability as an effluent material. The level of recovery in such situations needs careful consideration. It may be economical to carry out additional separation of the valuable material with a view to recycling that additional recovered material, particularly when the cost of downstream effluent treatment is taken into consideration. 

The most important point in the use of diesel fuel is its cold temperature behavior. The subject has been addressed previously because it directly affects the engine operation in winter conditions. 

A draft of the new architecture is shown on figure 1. Some important points may be noted ... 

Above 81.5 K the C(2x 1) structure becomes the more stable. Two important points are, first, that a change from one surface structure to another can occur without any bulk phase change being required and, second, that the energy difference between dtemative surface structures may not be very large, and the free energy difference can be quite temperature-dependent. 

Another important point in connection with the rate of nuclei formation in the case of melts or of solutions is that the rate reaches a maximum with degree of supercooling. To see how this comes about, is eliminated between Eq. IX-6 and the one for liquids analogous to Eq. IX-13, giving... 

A quantitative treatment for the depletive adsorption of iogenic species on semiconductors is that known as the boundary layer theory [84,184], in which it is assumed that, as a result of adsorption, a charged layer is formed. Doublelayer theory is applied, and it turns out that the change in surface potential due to adsorption of such a species is proportional to the square of the amount adsorbed. The important point is that very little adsorption, e.g., a 0 of about 0.003, can produce a volt or more potential change. See Ref. 185 for a review. 

An important point for all these studies is the possible variability of the single molecule or single particle studies. It is not possible, a priori, to exclude bad particles from the averaging procedure. It is clear, however, that high structural resolution can only be obtained from a very homogeneous ensemble. Various classification and analysis schemes are used to extract such homogeneous data, even from sets of mixed states [69]. In general, a typical resolution of the order of 1-3 mn is obtained today. 

The Kraft point (T ) is the temperature at which the erne of a surfactant equals the solubility. This is an important point in a temperature-solubility phase diagram. Below the surfactant cannot fonn micelles. Above the solubility increases with increasing temperature due to micelle fonnation. has been shown to follow linear empirical relationships for ionic and nonionic surfactants. One found [25] to apply for various ionic surfactants is ... 

An important point about kinetics of cyclic reactions is tliat if an overall reaction proceeds via a sequence of elementary steps in a cycle (e.g., figure C2.7.2), some of tliese steps may be equilibrium limited so tliat tliey can proceed at most to only minute conversions. Nevertlieless, if a step subsequent to one tliat is so limited is characterized by a large enough rate constant, tlien tire equilibrium-limited step may still be fast enough for tire overall cycle to proceed rapidly. Thus, tire step following an equilibrium-limited step in tire cycle pulls tire cycle along—it drains tire intennediate tliat can fonn in only a low concentration because of an equilibrium limitation and allows tire overall reaction (tire cycle) to proceed rapidly. A good catalyst accelerates tire steps tliat most need a boost. 

Lastly, Table 6 describes the assignment of rows to processors for some typical cases, and the load in each case (indicating the number of force interactions computed by each processors in the corresponding case). These are based on equations in Section 3. Several important points can be noted from the results shown in the table. Firstly, it can be observed that in the 4 processor case, processor P3 computes half the maximum number of rows in the force matrix which leads to a load balanced assignment. This would not be the case if processors were assigned equal number of rows. Moreover, when the number of processors is increased from 4 to 16, the load on each processor reduces by a factor of 4, but is still equal on every processor. 

The first thing to notice about these results is that the influence of the micropores reduces the effective diffusion coefficient below the value of the bulk diffusion coefficient for the macropore system. This is also clear in general from the forms of equations (10.44) and (10.48). As increases from zero, corresponding to the introduction of micropores, the variance of the response pulse Increases, and this corresponds to a reduction in the effective diffusion coefficient. The second important point is that the influence of the micropores on the results is quite small-Indeed it seems unlikely that measurements of this type will be able to realize their promise to provide information about diffusion in dead-end pores. 

There are several important points to stress about these hydrogenie atomie funetions ... 

The most important point in analysing the synthesis of a hydrocarbon is where to put the carbonyl group, and this can depend on features other than common atoms. What strategies might you use in the synthesis of TM 377 ... 

There is a very important point to stress about the above procedure. Strike listed ether, DCM and ethanol as crystallization solvents. But the one chemists should use is DCM. That s right...DCM Strike is telling all of you right now that DCM is an absolutely superior solvent for crystallization. In fact it is so good that one need not purify the freebases acquired from the ends of half of the recipes in this book. 

The equation does not take into account such pertubation factors as steric effects, solvent effects, and ion-pair formation. These factors, however, may be neglected when experiments are carried out in the same solvent at the same temperature and concentration for an homogeneous set of substrates. So, for a given ambident nucleophile the rate ratio kj/kj will depend on A and B, which vary with (a) the attacked electrophilic center, (b) the solvent, and (c) the counterpart cationic species of the anion. The important point in this kind of study is to change only one parameter at a time. This simple rule has not always been followed, and little systematic work has been done in this field (12) stiH widely open after the discovery of the role played by single electron transfer mechanism in ambident reactivity (1689). 

Two important points come from using relative pK s to analyze acid-base equilibria... 

In this chapter we explored the three dimensional shapes of alkanes and cycloalkanes The most important point to be taken from the chapter is that a molecule adopts the shape that minimizes its total strain The sources of strain m alkanes and cycloalkanes are... 

One final very important point Everything we have said in this section concerns molecules that have one and only one chirality center molecules with more than one chirality center may or may not be chiral Molecules that have more than one chirality center will be discussed m Sections 7 10 through 7 13... 

Several important points about the rate law are shown in equation A5.4. First, the rate of a reaction may depend on the concentrations of both reactants and products, as well as the concentrations of species that do not appear in the reaction s overall stoichiometry. Species E in equation A5.4, for example, may represent a catalyst. Second, the reaction order for a given species is not necessarily the same as its stoichiometry in the chemical reaction. Reaction orders may be positive, negative, or zero and may take integer or noninteger values. Finally, the overall reaction order is the sum of the individual reaction orders. Thus, the overall reaction order for equation A5.4 isa-l-[3-l-y-l-5-l-8. 

This equation illustrates the important point that spontaneous emission increases rapidly relative to induced emission as v increases. Since lasers (Section 9.1) operate entirely by induced emission the equation is particularly relevant to laser design. 

There is one important point, however, that we have neglected so far. Real spectra in the frequency domain do not look like those in Figures 3.7(b)-3.9(b) the lines in the spectra are not stick-like and infinitely sharp but have width and shape. 

The character tables for all important point groups, degenerate and non-degenerate, are given in Appendix A. 

Chemical composition data for CPM and FPM for a variety of locations are summarized in Table 5. These data illustrate several important points. First, the distributions of the PM q between CPM and FPM vary from about 0.4 to 0.7. Second, the ratio of PM q to TSP varies from 0.58 to 0.79. In general, both this ratio and the ratio of FPM to PM q tend to be higher at mral sites, but Bermuda, because of the large influence of sea salt in the CPM, is an exception. Sulfate (SO ), carbon (as organic carbon, OC, and elemental carbon, EC), and nitrate (NO3 ) compounds generally account for 70—80% of the FPM. In the eastern United States, compounds are the dominant species, although very Httie is emitted directiy into the atmosphere. Thus... 

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