Oilseed meals

Table 3. Amino Acid Composition of Defatted Oilseed Meals and Amino Acid Requirements, mg/g Crude Protein...

Table 6. Oligosaccharide Contents of Defatted Oilseed Meals, % ...

SolubiHty is used in the refining of oilseed meals to give protein isolates and concentrates (18). Proteins are highly soluble in basic solutions and the... 

Sosulski, F.W. and Sarwar, G. 1973. Amino acid composition of oilseed meals and protein isolates. Can. Inst. Food Sci Tech. J. 6, 1-5. 

The major protein sources used in animal production are oilseed meals. Their use in poultry diets was reviewed by Ravindran and Blair (1992). Soybeans, groundnuts, canola and sunflowers are grown primarily for their seeds, which produce oils for human consumption and industrial uses. Cottonseed is a by-product of cotton production, and its oil is widely used for food and other purposes. In the past linseed (flax) was grown to provide fibre for linen cloth production. The invention of the cotton gin made cotton more available for clothing materials and the demand for linen cloth decreased. Production of linseed is now directed mainly to industrial oil production. Thus, soybean is clearly the predominant oilseed produced in the world. 

Table 4.3. Phytate phosphorus contents of grain legumes, oilseed meals and miscellaneous feed ingredients. (From Ravindran etal., 1995.) ...

The mineral content of safflower meal is generally less than that of soybean meal, but safflower meal is a comparable source of Ca and P. Safflower meal is a rich plant source of iron (Darroch, 1990). Compared with other oilseed meals, safflower meal has a relatively poor vitamin profile, but is a good source of biotin, riboflavin and niacin compared to soybean meal (Darroch, 1990). 

In contrast to other major oilseeds and oilseed meals, sunflower seeds and meals appear to be relatively free of ANFs. Chlorogenic acid, a polyphenolic compound occurring in sunflower meal (12 g/kg) has been reported to inhibit the activity of hydrolytic enzyme, with possible adverse effects on poultry production (Ravindran and Blair, 1992). These effects may be overcome by supplementing the diet with a methyl donor such as choline. 

Aheme, F.X. and Kennelly, J.J. (1985) Oilseed meals for livestock feeding. In Haresign, W. (ed.) Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition. Butterworths, London, pp. 39-89. 

Thomas, V.M., Katz, R.J., Auld, D.A., Petersen, C.F., Sauter, E.A. and Steele, E.E. (1983) Nutritional value of expeller extracted rape and safflower oilseed meals for poultry. Poultry Science 62, 882-886. 

Continuous N fertilization oilseed meals (rapeseed or castor oilmeal), slurry, molasses, meat meals. Biosol, Biofert. 

Mian N. Riaz Texas A M University, College Station, Texas, Extrusion Processing of Oilseed Meals for Food and Feed Production. 

Hydraulic Pressing. Batch pressing was the earliest commercial method of oil extraction. Hydraulic equipment replaced the mechanical operations and the method became known as hydraulic pressing (49). In open presses, oilseed meals were wrapped in cloths and placed between plates, which were then gradually... 

Soybeans owe their dominance of the oilseed market to the value of their protein, which is much greater than that of other oilseeds. Of the oilseed meals produced in 2003, 129.58 million MT out of a total of 185.69 milllion MT was soybean meal (1). Of the money made on extracting soybeans, the meal accounted for between 51% and 76% of the total in the last 10 years. Soybean oil of typical composition performs well as a salad oil, but it is usually hydrogenated for use as a margarine stock or frying oil. Soybean oil s stability to oxidation also is limited by its content... 

The amino acid composition of sunflower meal is generally balanced. The energy content of sunflower meal compares favorably with other oilseed meals. The energy value of a sunflower meal increases with increasing residual oil content and a reduction of the fiber content. Sunflower meal is also valuable as a calcium and phosphorous source and a good source of hydrosoluble B complex vitamins. 

Fish oils are a byproduct of the production of fish meal. Both commodities are subject to price flucmations that are only indirectly related. The meal has been historically used for terrestrial animal feedsmffs. The production process can be condensed to apply to two basic functions take fish or fish waste, cook it, and squeeze it (Figure 2). Subsequent steps are varied for each commodity, but they essentially are well described by Young (20), whereas the desirable properties of fish meal are concisely described by Bimbo and Crowther (21). Similar summaries, especially on sources and production, are provided by various chapter authors in a book on pelagic fish (22), because most fish caught for meal and oil are pelagic (migratory) and subject to seasonal exploitation. The principal competition to fish meal is soybean meal and other oilseed meals (23). 

Mechanically Extracted Meals. Solvent extracted oilseed meals typically contain less than 1.5% residual fat unless the gums (hydrated phosphatides) or soapstock have been added back to the meal before the desolventizer-toaster or meal dryer. Mechanically extracted (expeller or screw-pressed) meals can contain 4—9% oil, which can be a significant calorie source in animal feeds. Fat contents of extracted meals are not part of the definition, although typical analyses are shown below. 

The major lecithin sold domestically in commercial quantities is extracted from soybeans. Com and sunflower seed lecithins are available in limited amounts. Canola is being reviewed as a lecithin source in countries that do not grow significant quantities of soybeans. Lecithins may be added to feeds in cmde or refined forms, remain as residuals in solvent- or mechanical-extracted oilseed meals, be returned to oilseed meals as extracted gums or soapstocks at combined solvent extraction-oil refinery operations, or simply be native to an oilseed fed whole. 

Utilization of Soybean Meal in Animal Feeds. Soybean meal is the most extensively used of the oilseed meals and serves as a protein supplement for all classes of animals. It has become the standard to which all other protein sources are compared, and its quality, acceptance, and reputation are widely known (4). The meal contains from 44 to 50% cmde protein and from 2500 to 2800 kcal of metabolizable energy per kilogram, depending on the amount of hull present and the species of animal being fed. Dehulling increases the metabolizable energy values by about 5% for cattle and 12% or more for pigs and poultry (5). 

The energy content of sunflower meal compares favorably with that of other oilseed meals and increases as the residual oil content increases and as the fiber content decreases. Sunflower meal also compares favorably with other oilseed meals as a source of calcium and phosphorus (36) and is an excellent source of water-soluble B-complex vitamins, namely nicotinic acid, thiamine, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and biotin. 

Extrusion Processing of Oilseed Meals for Food and Feed Production... 

EXTRUSION PROCESSING OF OILSEED MEALS FOR FOOD AND FEED PRODUCTION... 

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