Soybean seed

AussENAC c, LACOMBE s and DAYDE J (1998) Quantification of isoflavones by capillary zone electrophoresis in soybean seeds effects of variety and environment. / C/i Nutr. 68 (6 Suppl) 1480S-85S. 

YOSHIDA H and kajimoto g (1989) Effects of microwave energy on the tocopherols of soybean seeds , J Food Sci, 54 (6) 1596-600. 

Sinnecker, P. et al.. Relationship between color (instrumental and visual) and chlorophyll contents in soybean seeds during ripening, J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 3961, 2002. 

P. Sathiyamoorthy, Identification of vanillic and p-coumaric acid as endogenous inhibitors of soybean seeds and their inhibitory effect on germination. J. Plant P/m-w/. /id 120 (1990). 

Soybean bloassays of root exudates. Four soybean seeds ( Bragg ) were planted In each of 100 12.5 cm plastic pots filled with an artificial soil mix consisting of perlite/coarse sand/coarse vermiculite 3/2/1 by volume. After one week the plants were thinned to two per pot and the treatments were begun. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with 10 replications (pots) per treatment. On the first day of each week each pot was watered with 300 ml effluent from the appropriate growth units. On the fifth day of each week all pots were watered with Peter s Hydro-sol solution with CaCNOj. At other times the pots were watered as needed with tap water. On the second and fifth day of each week the height of the soybeans (base to apical bud) was measured. 

Soybean dry matter production. One week after planting in the pipes, two-hundred-forty 0.7 liter styrofoam cups with four holes in the lower sides of each were filled with a 2 cm layer of pea gravel, then filled to within 1 cm of the top with a 1/1/1 v/v/v mix of perlite, coarse sand and a sandy loam soil. Each cup was planted with three soybean seed ( Centennial or Coker 136 ) previously coated with Nitragin. The seed were covered with 1 cm of soil mix and watered with tap water. 

Table XII. Influence of Ferulic Acid on Germination of Corn and Soybean Seed...

Although LOX from soybean seed is the best characterized of plant LOXs, this enzyme is present in a wide variety of plant and animal tissues (Liavonchanka and Feussner, 2006). The enzyme occurs in a variety of isoenzymes, which often vary in their optimum pH and in product and substrate specificity. Given the occurrence of multiple LOX isoenzymes in soybean leaves and the proposed roles of these enzymes in the plant metabolism, it is possible that individual isoenzymes play specific functions (Feussner and Wasternack 2002). The molecular structure of soybean LOX is the most reported, and four isoenzymes have been isolated (Baysal and Demirdoven 2007). Soy isoenzyme 1 produces 9- and 13-hydroperoxides (1 9) when the enzyme acts on free PUFA at pH 9.0, its optimum pH (Lopez-Nicolas and others 1999). Soy isoenzyme 2 acts on triglycerides as well as free PUFA leading to 9- and 13-hydroperoxide... 

Cheng H, Yu O and Yu D. 2008. Polymorphisms of IFS1 and IFS2 genes are associated with isoflavone concentrations in soybean seeds. Plant Sci 175 505-512. 

A breakthrough for tissue printing, at least for the botanical sciences, came when Cassab and Varner (3) combined the use of nitrocellulose and antibody technology. They placed sections of a freshly cut soybean seed on nitrocellulose membranes and probed the resulting imprints using specific antibodies. They were able to show that soluble extensin protein is primarily localized in the seed coat and vascular tissues. 

Cassab GI, Varner JE. Immunocytolocalization of extensin in developing soybean seed coats by immunogold-silver staining and by tissue printing on nitrocellulose paper. J Cell Biol 1987 105 2581-2588. 

Melroy DL, Herman EM. TIP, an integral membrane protein of the soybean seed protein storage vacuole, undergoes developmentally regulated membrane insertion and removal. Planta 1991 184 113-122. 

Frey, J. E. The Effects of Ozone on the Synthesis and Storage of Nutrients in Soybean Seeds. Ph.D. Thesis. Greeley University of Northern Colorado. 1972. 109 pp. 

Fifty soybean seeds each were planted in the diamide-treated soil as well as in a flat with an untreated control soil. Each flat was watered weekly with 2 L tap water. Water absorption and plant growth were recorded. 

Source Dimethylamine naturally occurs in soybean seeds (8 ppm), cauliflower (14 ppm), kale leaves (5.5 ppm), barleygrass seeds (1.6 ppm), tobacco leaves, hawthorne leaves, hops flower (1.4 ppm), cabbage leaves (2-2.8 ppm), corn (1-3.5 ppm), celery (5.1 ppm), grapes, grape wine, and grape Juice (Duke, 1992). 

The riocus encodes the enzyme flavonoid 3 -hydroxylase (F3 H) [17, 18], and is an important controller of flux in the anthocyanin pathway in soybean seed coats (Fig. 4.1). F3 H diverts metabolic flux away from biosynthesis of orange (pelargoni-din) and blue (delphinidin) anthocyanins toward the red cyanidin-3-(9-glucoside, which is the main anthocyanin in the seed coats of black soybean [7, 8]. T increases the accumulation of delphidin-3-O-glucoside in black seed coats, even though it is not required for its biosynthesis [19]. Possible mechanisms for this include positive feedback, or the stabilization of the putative anthocyanin biosynthetic metabolon [20] by F3 Fl-derived membrane anchoring (Fig. 4.1). 

Fig. 4.2 HPLC-DAD chromatograms of anthocyanins from soluble and insoluble extracts of black, red-brown, and brown soybean seed coats at 520 nm. (a, d) Black (Clark), (b, e) red-brown (Mil), and (c, f) brown (MlOO) seed coats, (a and b) Pulverized fresh seed coats extracted with 80% methanol in water, (d-f) Insoluble pulverized seed coat fraction extracted with 1-butanol/HCl (19 1) 1% SDS. Compound identifications were based on comparison of retention times and absorption spectra to authentic standards. Peak 1, unknown peak 2, delphinidin-3-O-galactoside peak 3, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside peak 4, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside peak 5, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside peak 6, petunidin-3-O-glucoside peak 7, pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside peak 8, peonidin-3-O-glucoside and peak 9, malvidin-3-O-glucoside...

Buzzell R, Buttery B, MacTavish D (1987) Biochemical genetics of black pigmentation of soybean seed. The J Hered 78 53-54... 

Takahata Y, Ohnishi-Kameyama M, Furuta S et al (2001) Highly polymerized procyanidins in brown soybean seed coat with a high radical-scavenging activity. J Agric Food Chem 49 5843-5847... 

Yu, O. et al., Metabolic engineering to increase isoflavone biosynthesis in soybean seed. Phytochemistry, 63, 753, 2003. 

Kudou, S. et al., A new isoflavone glycoside in soybean seeds Glycine max Merrill), glycitein 1-0-P-D-(6"-0-acetyl)-glucopyranoside, Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 55, 859, 1991. 

Moravec, T., Schmidt, M.A., Herman, E.M., and Woodford-Thomas, T. (2007). Production of Escherichia coli heat labile toxin (LT) B subunit in soybean seed and analysis of its immunogenicity as an oral vaccine. Vaccine 25(9) 1647-1657. 

The present study was conducted to obtain additional information on changes in soy protein subunits during limited proteolysis. Enzymatic soy protein deamidation that occurred, in addition to limited proteolysis, during germination of soybean seeds was investigated. The effects of proteolysis and deamidation on solubility and emulsifying activity were compared. Phosphorylation of soy protein with a commercially available protein kinase and its effects on subsequent changes in functional properties of the protein were also studied. 

Preparation of Modified Soy Proteins from Germinating Soybeans. Soybean seeds (12 g dry weight) were germinated on wet Vermiculite in a metal pan covered with aluminum foil. Water was added to the tray as needed during the course of germination. To collect products, the germinated seeds were washed and then ground with mortar... 

Figure 3. Deamidation and peptide bond hydrolysis of soy protein during germination of soybean seeds.

Glycine max (L.) Merrill G. soja Sieb. Zucc. Da Dou Ye Da Dou (Soybean) (seed) Protein, isoflavone derivatives, genisteine, daidzein, riboflavin, thiamine, niacin, pantothenic acid, choline.33,67 Phytoestrogenic, elevate the vasomotor system, prevent cancer, a potent inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinase. 

Phillippy, B.Q. Identification of inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate 5-kinase and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate 6-kinase in immature soybean seeds. Plant Physiol., 116, 291-297 (1998)... 

Fatty Acid Arachis Cottonseed Rendered Pork Fat Maize Mustard Seed Edible Tallow Safflower Seed Sesame Seed Sunflower Soybean Seed ... 

Two saponins from soybean seeds having soyasapogenol as aglycone were shown to have a partial inhibitory effect on HIV-induced cytopathology in infected human MT-2 lymphocytes cultures [158], The major constituent of group of B saponins from soybean seeds completely inhibited HIV-induced cytophatic effects and virus-specific antigen expression 6 days after infection at concentration > 0.25 mg/ml. Saponins isolated from soybean seeds inhibited HIV-1 replication in MT-4 cells at 0.5 [tg/ml (Nakamura et al. 1992) [159]. These saponins had a narrow therapeutic index and did not inhibit HIV-1 RT. One of them was found to inhibit HIV-induced cell fusion in MOLT-4 cells. 

The change of moisture profile in barley and soybean seeds during maturation was measured using NMR imaging [30]. The process of seed maturation was discussed in relation to the biological and morphological characteristics of the crop. 

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