Manufacturing Western Europe

Worldwide capacity for oxo process chemicals reached 7.0 x 10 metric tons at the start of 1990 (35). Market share for oxo chemicals is divided between Western Europe (36%), the United States (30%), Eastern Europe (12%), Japan (10%), other Asian countries (8%), and South America and Mexico (4%). U.S. 0X0 manufacturers, products, and capacities are given ia Table 2. 

The largest oxo producers ia Western Europe are BASE, Hbls, and Hoechst (formerly Ruhrchemie), representing 50—51% of the total regional capacity of 2.527 x 10 metric tons. These companies have the broadest spectmm of products ranging from and adehydes to alcohols and acids. However the primary products are n- and isobutyraldehyde, at combiaed capacities of 1.08 x 10 t. The -butyraldehyde goes principally iato the manufacture of 2-EH. 

Di-2-EthylhexylPhthalate. In Western Europe, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate [117-81-7] (DEHP), also known as dioctyl phthalate (DOP), accounts for about 50% of all plasticizer usage and as such is generally considered as the industry standard. The reason for this is that it is in the mid-range of plasticizer properties. DEHP (or DOP) is the phthalate ester of 2-ethyIhexanol, which is normally manufactured by the dimerization of butyraldehyde (eq. 2), the butyraldehyde itself being synthesized from propylene (see Butyraldehydes). 

The pattern of commercial production of 1,3-butadiene parallels the overall development of the petrochemical industry. Since its discovery via pyrolysis of various organic materials, butadiene has been manufactured from acetylene as weU as ethanol, both via butanediols (1,3- and 1,4-) as intermediates (see Acetylene-DERIVED chemicals). On a global basis, the importance of these processes has decreased substantially because of the increasing production of butadiene from petroleum sources. China and India stiU convert ethanol to butadiene using the two-step process while Poland and the former USSR use a one-step process (229,230). In the past butadiene also was produced by the dehydrogenation of / -butane and oxydehydrogenation of / -butenes. However, butadiene is now primarily produced as a by-product in the steam cracking of hydrocarbon streams to produce ethylene. Except under market dislocation situations, butadiene is almost exclusively manufactured by this process in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan. 

Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE). Methyl tert-hutyi ether [1634-04-4] is made by the etherification of isobutylane with methanol, and there are six commercially proven technologies available. These technologies have been developed by Arco, IFF, CDTECH, Phillips, Snamprogetti, and Hbls (hcensed jointly with UOP). The catalyst in all cases is an acidic ion-exchange resin. The United States has been showing considerable interest in this product. Western Europe has been manufacturing it since 1973 (ANIC in Italy and Huls in Germany). Production of MTBE in Western Europe exceeded 600,000 tons in 1990. 

Western Europe has seven manufacturers of activated carbon. The two largest, Norit and Chemviron (a subsidiary of Calgon), account for 70% of West European production capacity, and Ceca accounts for 13% (42). Japan is the third largest producer of activated carbon, having 18 manufacturers, but four companies share over 50% of the total Japanese capacity (43). Six Pacific Rim countries account for the balance of the world production capacity of activated carbon, 90% of which is in the Philippines and Sri Lanka (42). As is the case with other businesses, regional markets for activated carbon products have become international, lea ding to consoHdation of manufacturers. Calgon, Norit, Ceca, and Sutcliffe-Speakman are examples of multinational companies. 

Aqualon Co. and Union Carbide Corp. have manufacturing faciUties in the United States and Western Europe. Hoechst AG in Europe and Euji Chemical Co., Ltd. inJapan are the only other procedures of HEC. 

Dichlorobenzene is consumed for 3,4-dich1oroani1ine, the base material for several herbicides, in the United States and Western Europe and is emulsified in Japan for garbage treatment. The greatest market worldwide for -dichlorobenzene is for deodorant blocks and moth control. A growing use for -dichlorobenzene is the manufacture of poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) resins. 

In addition to these, some anthraquinone dyes and their intermediates are also produced in Eastern Europe, Russia, China, and Korea. As the result of the history of anthraquinone chemistry, most manufacturers are still located in Western Europe. Most former manufacturers in the United States abandoned the dyestuff business or were acquired by European companies by the middle of the 1980s. 

CR has now been used commercially for around 60 years. Over that period of time, it has estabUshed a reputation for reUabiUty, and has become the material of choice for innumerable appHcations. Its aimual volume has approached around 350,000—400,000 metric tons. It is currendy manufactured in five countries in Western Europe, North America, and Japan with a combined capacity of 385,000 metric tons. Du Pont is the largest suppHer with 49% of the total capacity and plants in the United States, UK, and Japan. Other suppHers are Bayer/Miles (22.6%) in Germany and the United States, Denki Kagaku Kogyo (11.7%) in Japan, DISTUGIL (10.4%) in France, and TOSOH (6.2%) inJapan (2). 

Currentiy, i7j -l,4-polyisoprene is manufactured in the United States only by The Goodyear Tire Rubber Co. at Beaumont, Texas. In Western Europe, only the Shell Nederland Chemie (Royal Dutch/SheU Group) commercially produces i7j -l,4-polyisoprene in Japan, the producers are Japan Synthetic Rubber Co., Ltd. and Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd. The sole world producer of /n j -l,4-polyisoprene is Kuraray Co., Ltd. in Japan. 

A three-year joint European project, RECAM, recommends that it should be possible to colleet more than 50% of carpet waste in Western Europe. High-grade materials such as PA and PP could be recovered for the manufacture of engineering plastics compounds and more than 8 million Gigajoules of energy could be reeovered from the remainder. At the heart of the proj ect are ehemieal recycling processes developed by both DSM and Enichem. 

Only 10 firms account for 75% of agrochemicals sales, while the 15 largest drug companies have a market share of only 33% (Stinson, 1995). About 85% of fine chemicals are manufactured by companies of the triad the United States (28%), Western Europe (39%), and Japan (17%). Italy, with 4.0 million litres reactor capacity and 71 manufacturers, topped the European fine chemicals industry (Layman, 1993). Recently India, China, and Eastern-Central European countries have gained a significant proportion of the market, as a result of the lower direct labour costs and the more relaxed environmental and safety standards. It is fair to state that the high quality of chemists in these countries has also contributed to this development. In 1993, the cost of producing fine chemicals in India was 12% below that in Europe (Layman, 1993). 

End of Abstract Nowadays, the Diesel vehicles market in Western Europe keeps growing. Diesel technology is of interest for car manufacturers because the Greenhouse gas emissions are noticeably lower with Diesel than with gasoline (do not forget the ACEA1 commitment for 2008 140 g/km of C02 for the new cars sold in European Union). A major issue for the Diesel vehicles is to clean-up HC, CO, NO and soot particles released by the engine at a minimum cost. 

This information sheet from the Health and Safety Executive summaries the health hazards that can arise from exposure to styrene. It provides practical advance to FRP manufacturers on how to assess and control styrene levels in the workplace and how these control measures should be monitored and maintained in accordance with the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002. The document applies mainly to contact moulding processes, and aims to define what level of control is currently recognised as being reasonably practicable. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY EUROPEAN UNION UK WESTERN EUROPE... 

This thesis describes a wide survey on genotoxic exposure and biological effects in the rubber industry. Chapters include skin aberrations inhalable dust and dermal exposure and genotoxic exposure conditions within the rubber industry. Results are based on studies carried out in the rubber manufacturing industry in the Netherlands. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY EUROPEAN UNION NETHERLANDS WESTERN EUROPE... 

The Solvent Emissions Directive was adopted in March 1999 by the European Council of Ministers and should be implemented by member states within two years. The adhesives industry uses about 130,000 tonnes of solvents in its products annually and has a key role to play in meeting the Directive s targets. The main impact of emissions reduction will be on adhesives coaters because the adhesive film forms through the evaporation of solvent. For adhesives manufacturers, the main issue is the reduction of fugitive emissions. Both oxidation and recovery are well proven abatement techniques. BELGIUM EUROPEAN COMMUNITY EUROPEAN UNION WESTERN EUROPE... 

Raw materials or goods which are exported to the USA are subjected to the same restrictions as those which are manufactured within the USA. There is also a duty to ensure that each delivery is authorised by the US customs authorities. Anybody who does not conform to these so-called TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act) conditions must reckon on a high fine. This article examines in detail all the legal, administrative and financial steps that must be followed before making the first exports, including adhesives. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY EUROPEAN UNION GERMANY USA WESTERN EUROPE... 

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