Central and Eastern European countries

A comparison of available resources and production shows that Germany, ranked second in resources, was ranked first in production in 1990. Indeed a number of central and eastern European countries are producing proved recoverable reserves at a rate that should lead to exhaustion of local deposits before the end of the twenty-first century. On the other hand, the massive Russian reserves could allow production for a much longer time. 

In this chapter, the regulatory requirements relating to data on development pharmaceutics and process validation will be discussed. The discussion will be limited to Marketing Authorization Applications (MAAs) for the European Economic Area and many central and eastern European countries. 

Antova T, Pattenden S, Nikiforov B, Leonardi G, Boeva B, Fletcher T, Rudnai P, Slachtova H, Tabak C, Zlotkowska R, Houthuijs D, Brunekreef B and Holikova J. 2003. Nutrition and respiratory health in six central and Eastern European countries. Thorax 58 231—236. 

On the basis of calculations the reductions of depositions and air concentrations of all selected POPs in each particular European countries are evaluated. The relative and absolute reduction of PCDD/Fs deposition over Central and Eastern European countries in comparison with relative emission changes is given in Figures 5(a) and (b). For the considered period the maximum relative decrease in PCDD/Fs depositions was obtained for Bulgaria and Belarus (about 3 times) (Figure 5(a)). At that the character of relative decrease in PCDD/Fs total depositions did not completely coincide with that of emissions. It can partly be explained by the influence of trans-boundary transport of PCDD/Fs and by the impact of re-emission flux in these countries. The highest absolute reduction was observed in Russia, Ukraine and Poland (Figure 5(b)). 

Size of bubble corresponds to 2004 sales in billion Euro arrows equal 2004 trade flows in billion Euro ) Including EU-25, Switzerland, Norway, other Central and Eastern European countries ) Including Canada, Mexico, Oceania Africa Source ACC, CEFIC Analysis... 

Chemical Industry in the Central and Eastern European Countries and anticipated effect on the chemical industry in the CEECs authorities... 

Studies conducted by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations show that there are around 100 000 tonnes of obsolete pesticide stocks in developing countries. Africa alone probably accounts for up to 48 000 tonnes. Obsolete pesticides cannot only be found in developing countries in Africa, the Near East, Asia and Latin America, they are also an environmental problem in many Central and Eastern European countries. The main hazard, however, is the acute toxicity of these pesticides. They present an acute and potential risk both for the community and the environment. These obsolete pesticides are not only a barrier to sustainable development in emerging countries, they arc also a hazard for the global environment. The countries concerned are not in a position to solve the problems on their own. They have neither die technical expertise, the facilities nor the necessary financial means. For this reason, it is essential that the OECD countries provide support. 

The inclusion in this year s report of data on the drugs problem in the central and eastern European countries (CEECs) (6) reflects the growing cooperation between the EMCDDA and the candidate countries for accession to the EU (7) As cooperation with Cyprus, Malta and Turkey is still in a preliminary stage, this chapter focuses on the CEECs involved in the EU Phare project on drug... 

The increase in the membership of the European Union to include the Central and Eastern European countries in the future is going to increase the membership of the CPMP. There is no doubt that some radical thinking is needed for the future of the EU drug regulatory system after 2001. 

PBTs Project OCOEN REPORT No.150 Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic Chemicals in Central and Eastern European Countries (State-of-the-art Report prepared under R-T A by Ivan Holoubek, Anton Kocan, Irena Holoubkova, Jifi Kohoutek, Jerzy Falandysz) ... 

Between November 1995 and October 1996, particulate matter concentrations (PMio and PM2.5) were measured in 25 study areas in six Central and Eastern European countries Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovak Republic (CESAR study under PHARE). 

Central and eastern European countries (Section 9.4.3) had state-planned economies while under Communist domination. This group includes those countries that were part of the USSR such as Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Belarus. Slowly emerging countries (Poland, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, etc.) are beginning to develop chemical industries. These countries, as well as Poland and Russia, are importers of chemical plants and technology. Some of the nations in this group have large supplies of natural resources. 

Plus most Central and Eastern European countries. 

Analgesic nephropathy gained recognition in recent years in several Central and Eastern European countries. Abuse of analgesic mixtures is also reported in several third world countries without any knowledge about the extent of the problem of analgesic nephropa-... 

During the period of centralized planning systems, the central and eastern European countries did not develop full environmental protection policies which responded to the degradation of the river environment. Legal standards for environmental quality were often uninforced or unenforceable. 

The term MAC is used widely, for example, in the Netherlands and Germany as well as the former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern European countries (IPGS 1996). 

Production of refined cadmium in the western world (except of Central and Eastern European countries) in 1993 was approximately 15 000 tons. Japan is the largest producer (2808 tons in 1993), treating concentrates from South Africa, Asia and Australia as well as from its own mines. Production in countries with economies in transition was estimated to be around 4500 tons in 1990, but fell to 3000 tons more recently with more than half produced in the former Soviet Union (OECD, 1994). 

Primary lead from mining is often produced as a by-product with other metals such as zinc, copper and cadmium. In 1989, 155 mines in 35 countries produced 2.21 million tons of lead in concentrate. Since 1970, the world demand for lead s unique chemical, electrical and physical properties has increased by 25% to a record level of 5.627 million tons in 1990. OECD countries accounted for 65% of world demand in 1990, with the Central and Eastern European countries consuming 21%. Asia is now third largest lead-consuming region, representing 9% of world demand. Lead is also among the most recycled non-ferrous metals in the world (OECD, 1993). 

This work was supported by the Grant Agency of the Slovak Republic VEGA 2/3040/96 and the Grant for Cooperation in Science and Technology with Central and Eastern European Countries No. ERBCIPACT923020. 

---