Direct labour

Indirect labour accounts for 40% of the direct labour, being 320,000, and 85% of die direct labour is used for salaried payroll ( 680,000). Associated payroll costs are assumed to be about 30% of the total payroll costs (indirect+direct+salaried payroll), ie 540,000. 

As part of the total direct costs we also have to consider costs made for supplies and expenses maintenance, 3% of total capital supplies, 25% of direct labour. These figures, calculated back to one kg of L-phenylalanine are given in Table 8.6. 

Plant overhead accounts for about 60% of total direct labour and is thus calculated to be 480,000 (see Table 8.6). 

Only 10 firms account for 75% of agrochemicals sales, while the 15 largest drug companies have a market share of only 33% (Stinson, 1995). About 85% of fine chemicals are manufactured by companies of the triad the United States (28%), Western Europe (39%), and Japan (17%). Italy, with 4.0 million litres reactor capacity and 71 manufacturers, topped the European fine chemicals industry (Layman, 1993). Recently India, China, and Eastern-Central European countries have gained a significant proportion of the market, as a result of the lower direct labour costs and the more relaxed environmental and safety standards. It is fair to state that the high quality of chemists in these countries has also contributed to this development. In 1993, the cost of producing fine chemicals in India was 12% below that in Europe (Layman, 1993). 

The main thrust of the new interpretation is to provide a translation between total money value added (the money value of total net output, pQ) and total direct labour-time (IX). By defining the value of money (Am) as the ratio of total labour-time to total money value added,... 

It is furthermore evident that in all forms in which the direct labourer remains the "possessor" of the means of production and labour conditions necessary for the production of hts own means of subsistence, the property relationship must simultaneously appear as a direct relation of lordship and servitude, so that the direct producer is not free a lack of freedom whidi may be reduced from serfdom with enforced labour to a mere tributary relationship. The direct producer, according to our assumption, is to be found here in possession of his own means of production, the necessary material labour conditions required for the realization of his labour and the production of his means of subsistence. He conducts his agricultural activity and the rural home industries connected with it independently. .. Under such conditions the surplus-labour for the nominal owner of the bnd can only be extorted from them by other than economic pressure, whatever the form may be assumed to be. This differs from slave or plantation economy in that the slave works under alien conditions of production and not independently. Thus, conditions of personal dependence are requisite, a lack of personal... 

If you are a stevedoring company you will employ dockworkers. You may also own, lease or operate a berth, terminal or other dock facilities. Dockworkers may be direct labour employees, contract labour supplied by an employment agency or business, or working on a self-employed or casual labour basis. 

Construction Material and Labour Costs. In the Australian context, reduction of site labour costs for fabrication or construction is important, owing to the relatively high influence on project execution costs that labour exhibits when compared to materials. This applies not only for direct labour, but also to indirect labour required for adequate supervision, quality control and safety management at the workplace. Hence it is common for infrastructure to be fabricated as Pre-Assembled Modules (PAM) in a location where such labour is more cost-efficient. The need for pre-assembly of structures also tends to drive designers towards size and weight-efficient steel assemblies, rather than concrete or other materials, in order to reduce freight costs. 

Fifty per cent of the total costs are usually made up of the global costs of salaries, labour and associated payroll. General cost factors are determined by the kind of production and process. It is possible to calculate the total capital requirements for a specific design as well as the associated direct labour costs and, therefore, the production costs. 

The last step in the analysis is a profitability analysis, which permits estimation of the return of investment. It can be accomplished when all the costs of capital, direct labour, production, materials and utilities are available. 

Cost can t easily be divided into fixed and variable categories Variable costs don t always vary in direct proportion to activity - the cost of direct materials may change as a result of shortages of supply, or owing to bulk buying, while direct labour costs may be fixed in the... 

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