Emission reductions

Emission reductions Emissions Emissions control Emission spectrography... 

Applications. Both industrial emissions reduction and indoor air-poUution abatement uses will grow. For example, the development of adsorbents with higher capacity for removal of radon from humid air could allow the development of a one-bed, delay-for-decay system in which radon adsorbs, decays to lead, and is precipitated onto the adsorbent. 

Large sources of SO2 and NO may also require additional emission reductions because of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. To reduce acid... 

Emissions of CO in the United States peaked in the late 1960s, but have decreased consistendy since that time as transportation sector emissions significandy decreased. Between 1968 and 1983, CO emissions from new passenger cars were reduced by 96% (see Exhaust CONTUOL, automotive). This has been partially offset by an increase in the number of vehicle-miles traveled annually. Even so, there has been a steady decline in the CO concentrations across the United States and the decline is expected to continue until the late 1990s without the implementation of any additional emissions-reduction measures. In 1989, there were still 41 U.S. urban areas that exceeded the CO NAAQS on one or mote days per year, but the number of exceedances declined by about 80% from 1980 to 1989. Over the same time period, nationwide CO emissions decreased 23%, and ambient concentrations declined by 25% (4). 

Although the first impulse for emission reduction is often to add a control device, this may not be the environmentally best or least cosdy approach. Process examination may reveal changes or alternatives that can eliminate or reduce pollutants, decrease the gas quantity to be treated, or render pollutants mote amenable to collection. Following are principles to consider for controlling pollutants without the addition of specific treatment devices, ie, the fundamental means of reducing or eliminating pollutant emissions to the atmosphere (30) ... 

For 1994 standards and beyond, heavy-duty tmcks must meet standards which reflect the greatest degree of emission reduction achievable through available technology. 

In the United States, the reportable quantity of 1-propanol for spills under CERCLA "Superfund" is 100 Ib/d (45.4 kg/d). However, no reportable quantity is assigned for transport (43). The substance is on the list for atmospheric standards, as defined iu 40 CER 60.489 (47). The iatent of these standards is to require all newly constmcted, modified, and reconstmcted manufacturiug units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of volatile organic compounds (47). 1-Propanol is also on the right-to-know regulations of the states of Connecticut,... 

Nonattamment. EPA issued final rules for the Emission Offset PoHcy governing development in nonattainment areas. A new source must apply the lowest achievable emission rate (LAER) for the problem poUutant and must obtain a more than equivalent offsetting emission reduction from existing sources. Either the existing sources can be owned by the same company, or the reduction can be bought from other companies. In this way, new growth is ahowed while air quahty improvement is achieved. 

VOC Emissions Reduction Approach. The Rule 66-type approach focuses on solvent composition further developments have led to regulatory approaches that emphasize overall VOC emission reduction. Even though the more reactive solvents react near their emission point, all VOC compounds eventually react to form ozone pollution. This may occur some distance downwind, increasing ozone levels in areas which have low artificial emissions. 

VOC Emissions Reduction/Ozone Attainment. Tide I of the 1990 Amendments continues the process of diminishing VOC emissions from all sources to reduce o2one concentrations. A compliance timetable by category has been estabUshed, which depends on the level of current o2one concentration. The definition of a major source also depends on the o2one nonattainment category ... 

In addition to achieving the o2one standard by the deadline, moderate and higher areas must demonstrate a total net VOC emissions reduction below the base year ia accordance with an aggressive schedule of percentage reductions. These reductions are 15% ia the first six years (through November 15, 1996), and 3%/yr thereafter. 

Conventional nitrocellulose lacquer finishing leads to the emission of large quantities of solvents into the atmosphere. An ingeneous approach to reducing VOC emissions is the use of supercritical carbon dioxide as a component of the solvent mixture (172). The critical temperature and pressure of CO2 are 31.3°C and 7.4 MPa (72.9 atm), respectively. Below that temperature and above that pressure, CO2 is a supercritical fluid. It has been found that under these conditions, the solvency properties of CO2 ate similar to aromatic hydrocarbons (see Supercritical fluids). The coating is shipped in a concentrated form, then metered with supercritical CO2 into a proportioning airless spray gun system in such a ratio as to reduce the viscosity to the level needed for proper atomization. VOC emission reductions of 50% or more are projected. 

Pilot Studies. AppHcations requiring the reduction of VOC emissions have increased dramatically. On-site pilot tests are beneficial in providing useful information regarding VOC emission reduction appHcations. Information that can be obtained includes optimum catalyst operating conditions, the presence of contaminants in the gas stream, and the effects of these contaminants (see Pilotplants and microplants). 

Federal Permitting in Nonattainment Areas If the source sub-jec t to NSR is to be located in an area which is nonattaiumeut for any of the major pollutants that the source will emit, it will need to follow the federally approved state permitting requirements for nonattain-ment areas of that pollutant. In most such cases, offsetting emission reductions at the same or other source locations in the area so as to be at least equivalent to the allowed emission, increases at the proposed source must be provided. 

Type of engine Emissions Emission reduction measures... 

It is concluded that GHG emission reduction could be estimated and calculated as follows ... 

As air pollution management moves forward, economics has a major role in reducing pollution. Multimedia considerations are forcing a blend of traditional emission reduction approaches and innovative methods for waste minimization. These efforts are directed toward full cost accounting of the life cycle of products and residuals from the manufacturing, use, and ultimate disposal of materials. 

Title II of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 is related mainly to vehicles that operate on roads and highways. Off-road, or nonroad, engines and vehicles used for site drilling, remediation, or related construction may be regulated if the administrator of EPA determines that some degree of emission reduction is necessary. 

This growth has offset a large portion of the emission reductions gained from motor vehicle controls. 

TTte most cost-effective methods of reducing emissions of NO are the use of low-NO burners and the use of low nitrogen fuels such as natural gas. Natural gas has the added advantage of emitting almost no particulate matter or sulfur dioxide when used as fuel. Other cost-effective approaches to emissions control include combustion modifications. These can reduce NO emissions by up to 50% at reasonable cost. Flue gas treatment systems can achieve greater emissions reductions, but at a much higher cost. 

Provides potential for emission reduction credits. Provides potential for increased boiler flexibility. 

Provides incentive to exceed environmental and regulatory air emissions reduction goals and reduce emission below legal requirements. 

Emission reduction credits can also be used to offset emissions increases under New Source Review, Prevention of Significant Deterioration, and Base Realignment and Closure. 

Releases to Air. In April 1989, you conducted stack tests to determine air releases from the battery facility. The release data provided baseline data for a proposed 1990 air emission reduction program. The tests were performed using EPA Reference Method 12, which determines exhaust concentrations as total elemental lead, and EPA Reference Methods 1-4, which determine total exhaust volumes. Releases from all stacks and vents at the facility were measured, including those from the following release points ... 

Marks, j. R., and R. F. Weston. Technical and Cost Comparison of VOC Emission Reduction Techniques, 1989 AIChE Summer National Meeting, Philadelphia, August 22, 1989. 

---