Solvent Emissions Directive

Gliwice, Institute for Plastics Processing, 2004, Paper 46, pp.9, 29 cm, ISBN 839176933X 012 COATINGS, INKS AND ADHESIVE MANUFACTURE DEMONSTRATING COMPLIANCE WITH THE SOLVENT EMISSIONS DIRECTIVE Newbould T... 

The Solvent Emissions Directive was adopted in March 1999 by the European Council of Ministers and should be implemented by member states within two years. The adhesives industry uses about 130,000 tonnes of solvents in its products annually and has a key role to play in meeting the Directive s targets. The main impact of emissions reduction will be on adhesives coaters because the adhesive film forms through the evaporation of solvent. For adhesives manufacturers, the main issue is the reduction of fugitive emissions. Both oxidation and recovery are well proven abatement techniques. BELGIUM EUROPEAN COMMUNITY EUROPEAN UNION WESTERN EUROPE... 

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND SOLVENT EMISSIONS DIRECTIVE. AN INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE... 

A review is presented of the status of volatile organic compound solvent emissions directive being adopted by... 

Although REACH involved a revision of most EU chemical control legislation, one existing directive that was not incorporated into REACH is the Solvent Emissions Directive [26]. The aim of this Directive is to prevent or reduce the effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on the environment (mainly via the atmosphere) and reduce the potential human health risks from solvent-based activities. Most of the provisions of the directive relate to emission and inventory control, but one part of the directive has potentially negative consequences in terms of Green Chemistry. 

Understanding the deactivation processes that take place in oxidation catalysts used for volatile organic compound (VOC) abatement has both industrial and academic interest. The industrial importance of improving the deactivation resistance of catalysts used to remove VOC emissions is directly related to the economics of this process. The market for such equipment will grow significantly in the next few years. For example, in Europe the Solvent Emissions Directive adopted by the EU s Environmental Ministers in 1999 seeks to reduce VOC emissions from operations using solvents by 67 % by 2007, based 1990 levels. The EU member states have now adopted these directives into national law. 

During solvent extraction, in the majority of cases hexane is used to wash the conditioned raw materials, typically in a counter current extractor. Hexane is removed from the oil through distillation, and from the cake through steam stripping in a multi-stage counter current toaster and recovered for reuse. EHS issues during solvent extraction are odour and volatile organic compounds, VOC. Extraction plants and processes should in each case comply with the solvent emission directives in force. Efforts to replace hexane as the solvent of choice by aqueous enzymatic methods or supercritical fluids have not yet found industrial acceptance. 

Also, regulations are helping to reduce the solvent content of adhesives."" The use of chlorinated solvents, frequently used in primers and for cleaning, has been discontinued based on the Montreal Protocol. From June 1998, the production of a pair of shoes in Europe should not involve the use of more than 20 g of solvent. This is only partially successful solution since shoe production is expected to move out of developed countries to less restrictive jurisdictions. Solvent Emission Directive will continue to restrict solvent use in Europe. 

Solvents/volatile organic compounds European Union VOC Solvent Emissions Directive Seeks to reduce VOC emissions from solvent-using Installations by 6 5 7% by 2007. based on 1990 levels... 

The European so called solvents emissions directive provides the currently most stringent regulations on the release of odours from VOCs or fogging of the interior windscreen by semi volatile emissions (SVOCs (semi-volatile organic compounds), FOG) with the maximum limit values for vehicle refinishing products (European Commission, 2004, 2010). 

According to the European Commission, the furniture industry alone used more than 185,000 tons of solvents/year in 1994. Solvent Emissions Directive (SED) required to reduce VOC emissions in Member States by 57% of 1990 levels by 2007. 

Proposals for implementing the 1999 EC Directive on solvent emissions in England and Wales were published by the DETR at the end of July. As expected, the Government is unlikely to opt for a solvent tax or tradable permit scheme, preferring direct regulation on grounds of cost and practicality. Three sectors regulated by the Directive are not controlled already in the UK, or only partly so. They... 

Direction of innovation tfrom the standpoint of market actors - 6al Automotive manufacturers substantiate the reduction of solvent emissions by water-based and powdered coatings on the basis of emission statistics. However, the automotive manufacturers state the improvement of the surface quality with the simultaneous improved cost-effectiveness of procedures as the decisive criterion for successful innovation. 

The most common method for cleaning the gun is to put a small amount of solvent into the pressure pot or cup gun, and clean the gun by spraying directly into the water curtain or dry filter of the spray booth. This is an unnecessary and expensive generation of waste. Both air emissions and waste paint are generated. In some states, notably California, regulations require that the paint operator spray gun cleaning solvents into a closed container so as to minimize VOC solvent emissions. This practice also allows recycling of the paint sprayed into the container (Joseph 1989). 

Liquid scintillation counting is usually carried out using organic solvents such as toluene which are readily excited by ft particles. The number of solvent molecules, and hence fluorophores exdted depends on the energy of the ft particles. It is in principle possible to determine the phosphorescence of the excited solvent molecules directly however, this phosphorescence is at short wavelength (Imix < 300 nm) and is therefore not readily accessible technically. The fluorophore most often used is 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) with an emission maximum of 380 nm, either alone or in combination with a secondary fluorophore such as l,4-bis-(5-phenyloxazole)-benzene (POPOP) whose fluorescence maximum... 

To obtain solvent relevant emission profiles, measurements were performed around various solvent faetories and workshops in Wuppertal. Due to the fact that the emission of solvent plants is not restricted only to the point emitters and is more like a surface emission, direct measurements of the emissions were not possible. Because of this, to determine the emission profile of particular factories the measurements of down-wind sources and background NMVOCs concentrations were performed. The solvent use fingerprints thus obtained are presented in Figure 6. 

In Europe there is already legislation controlling solvent emissions in many countries. The EU is also working on a draft legislative framework - the Directive on the Limitation of the Emission of Organic Compounds Due to the Use of Organic Solvents in Certain Processes and Industrial Installations. As currently drafted, this Directive is based on the principles of BAT it will operate under Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) principles and require that any mechanism to reduce VOC emissions should be ... 

Within the European Union, driven by concerns over the toxicity of the solvents used, recommendations within the draft VOC Emissions Directive to reduce the amount of VOC emission from the existing 60000 or more dry-cleaning outlets include use of new generation closed circuit hardware (with refrigerated condensation and activated carbon adsorption vents) for new installations and retrofitting of existing installations with carbon filters within one year of the Directive. These recommendations would reduce dry-cleaning emissions by 75%. 

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