Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy ICP-AES

3 Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) 

The instrument which uses this plasma torch is called an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) or an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). It is similar to an 

In most applications of ICP-AES, the sample is introduced as a liquid (although solid samples can be dealt with using laser ablation, discussed in Section 9.1 in the context of ICP MS). Usually a small pump sucks up the 

5 Greek pots and European bronzes - archaeological applications of emission/absorption spectrometries 

This massive study of prehistoric pottery in the eastern Mediterranean serves to highlight a number of issues relating to the scientific study of provenance, beyond the obvious scientific and archaeological questions of how do the analyses relate to the archaeological question (Wilson and 

7 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) 

ICP-AES is often used to determine the concentrations of various elements in a sample. However, an element may be present in a variety of chemical forms or species. By coupling an ICP-AES detector to an ion-chromatographic column, a more complete description of the sample species can be obtained. Such a coupling generally requires a nebulizer to introduce the column effluent into the ICP. Conventional pneumatic nebulizers operate at about 1 mL/min sample flow and may introduce as little as 1 % of the sample into the plasma. A newer direct-injection nebulizer (DIN) operates at sample flow rates only 5 to 10 % that of a conventional nebulizer [2. ). 

The separation of various arsenic species is a good example of the application of ICP-AES detection to anion chromatography [26]. A microbore colunm 10 cm X 1.7 mm I.D. was used with a low flow rate ( 100 pL/min). The column was packed with a low-capacity anion-exchange material (0.05 mequiv/g and solution containing 5 mM ammonium carbonate and 5 mM ammonium bicarbonate at pH 8.6 served as the mobile phase. The column hardware was connected directly to the inlet of the DIN-ICP-AES via a short length of 0.3 mm I.D. PEEK tubing. 

A separation of arsenite, arsenate and monomethylarsonate (MMA) is shown in Fig. 6.23. The detection limit for arsenic was 10 pg/L and the minimum detectable quantity was 100 pg. It was also possible to separate and detect selenium(IV) and (VI) under similar conditions. 

A Perkin Elmer Optima 3000 Spectrometer was used to determine the cation content of solutions. Samples and multielement standards (0,1,10 and 100 mgL ) were diluted with 5% nitric acid. All vials used were cleaned with 1 M sulphuric acid. Detection limits are 3, 5, 0.1, 5, and 70 igL for Fe, Al, Ca, Na, and K, respectively. 

The particle sol and filtration samples were diluted 1 1 with HCl (36 /o) and heated (in a closed sample vial) to dissolve the colloidal hematite. These samples were then analysed directly. 

IC was used for chloride determination for NF rejection experiments. Anions could not be analysed using IC, as humic substances interfere with the analysis (Hoffmann et al. (1986)). A MilHpore Waters Model 590 instrument was used with a Model 430 Conductivity detector. The eluent used was 0.68 gL boric acid (HjBOj), 0.235 gL gluconic acid anhydride (C6HioO ) and 0.3 gL lithium hydroxide (LiOH 6 H2O). 

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To examine a sample by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) or inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES) the sample must be transported into the flame of a plasma torch. Once in the flame, sample molecules are literally ripped apart to form ions of their constituent elements. These fragmentation and ionization processes are described in Chapters 6 and 14. To introduce samples into the center of the (plasma) flame, they must be transported there as gases, as finely dispersed droplets of a solution, or as fine particulate matter. The various methods of sample introduction are described here in three parts — A, B, and C Chapters 15, 16, and 17 — to cover gases, solutions (liquids), and solids. Some types of sample inlets are multipurpose and can be used with gases and liquids or with liquids and solids, but others have been designed specifically for only one kind of analysis. However, the principles governing the operation of inlet systems fall into a small number of categories. This chapter discusses specifically substances that are normally liquids at ambient temperatures. This sort of inlet is the commonest in analytical work. 

For inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) the sample is normally in solution but may be a fine particulate solid or even a gas. If it is a solution, this is nebulized, resulting in a fine spray or aerosol, in flowing argon gas. The aerosol is introduced into a plasma torch, illustrated in Figure 3.21. 

The metal content analysis of the samples was effected by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES Varian Liberty II Instrument) after microwaves assisted mineralisation in hydrofluoric/hydrochloric acid mixture. Ultraviolet and visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS) was carried out in the 200-900 nm range with a Lambda 40 Perkin Elmer spectrophotometer with a BaS04 reflection sphere. HF was used as a reference. Data processing was carried out with Microcal Origin 7.1 software. 

Table 21 reports the ash content and ash composition (determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, ICP-AES) for all of the calcined cokes used to fabricate the test graphites. It can be seen that the amount of ash and its make-up are variable, but are within the range observed for petroleum-based calcined cokes. Although the ash contents in all of the calcined cokes appear rather high, these materials may still be acceptable because many of the metallic species are driven off during graphitization. This aspect is addressed in the next section. 

NMR) [24], and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy [25] are commonly applied methods. Analysis using mass spectrometric (MS) techniques has been achieved with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), with chemical ionisation (Cl) often more informative than conventional electron impact (El) ionisation [26]. For the qualitative and quantitative characterisation of silicone polyether copolymers in particular, SEC, NMR, and FT-IR have also been demonstrated as useful and informative methods [22] and the application of high-temperature GC and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) is also described [5]. 

In reference 190, the authors describe the spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic techniques they used to determine the pMMO structure. First, EPR and EX AFS experiments indicated a mononuclear, type 2 Cu(II) center hgated by histidine residues and a copper-containing cluster characterized by a 2.57 A Cu-Cu interaction. A functional iron center was also indicated by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). ICP-AES uses inductively coupled plasma to produce excited atoms that emit electromagnetic radiation at a wavelength characteristic of a particular element. The intensity of this emission is indicative of the concentration of the element (iron in this case) within the sample. 

Nickel is normally present at very low levels in biological samples. To determine trace nickel levels in these samples accurately, sensitive and selective methods are required. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), with or without preconcentration or separation steps, are the most common methods. These methods have been adopted in standard procedures by EPA, NIOSH, lARC, and the International Union of Pure and Applied... 

C. Schierle, M. Otto and W. Wegscheider, A neural network approach to qualitative analysis in inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 343(7), 1992, 561-565. 

Many metal analyses are carried out using atomic spectroscopic methods such as flame or graphite furnace atomic absorption or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). These methods commonly require the sample to be presented as a dilute aqueous solution, usually in acid. ICP-mass spectrometry requires similar preparation. Other samples may be analyzed in solid form. For x-ray fluorescence, the solid sample may require dilution with a solid buffer material to produce less variation between samples and standards, reducing matrix effects. A solid sample is also preferred for neutron activation analyses and may be obtained from dilute aqueous samples by precipitation methods. 

All raw and treated coals were analyzed at Ames Laboratory for trace, major, and minor elements using energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AA). General analytical procedures employed for each of these techniques are discussed separately below. 

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRFS) are also used for elemental determination in environmental studies, although they are generally less sensitive than ICP-MS techniques. 

The Bi-promoted catalysts were prepared by consecutive deposition of Bi onto a commercial 5 wt% Pt/alumina (Engelhard E 7004, Pt dispersion 0.30 determined by TEM) [7]. The reduction of bismuth-nitrate was carried out in a dilute aqueous acidic solution O10"6 M, pH = 3-4) by hydrogen. The metal content of the catalysts was determined by inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Preferential deposition of Bi onto Pt particles has been confirmed by TEM, combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) [7]. Pb-, Sn- and Ag-promoted catalysts were prepared similarly. 

Inorganic extractables/leachables would include metals and other trace elements such as silica, sodium, potassium, aluminum, calcium, and zinc associated with glass packaging systems. Analytical techniques for the trace analysis of these elements are well established and include inductively coupled plasma—atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), ICP-MS, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS), electron microprobe, and X-ray fluorescence. Applications of these techniques have been reviewed by Jenke. " An example of an extractables study for certain glass containers is presented by Borchert et al. ". ... 

Straw ash and willow ash were prepared by ashing flnely ground raw material at SSO overnight in a box furnace. The bulk composition of the ashes was determined by Inductive Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) (see Table 3). Ash was then mixed with quartz sand in a ratio of 1.3 8.7 by weight (roughly I I by volume),... 

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