ICP-AES

Inductively coupled-plasma atomic-emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) 

Emission spectroscopy utilizes the characteristic line emission from atoms as their electrons drop from the excited to the ground state. The earliest version of emission spectroscopy as applied to chemistry was the flame test, where samples of elements placed in a Bunsen burner will change the flame to different colors (sodium turns the flame yellow calcium turns it red, copper turns it green). The modem version of emission spectroscopy for the chemistry laboratory is ICP-AES. In this technique rocks are dissolved in acid or vaporized with a laser, and the sample liquid or gas is mixed with argon gas and turned into a plasma (ionized gas) by a radio frequency generator. The excited atoms in the plasma emit characteristic energies that are measured either sequentially with a monochromator and photomultiplier tube, or simultaneously with a polychrometer. The technique can analyze 60 elements in minutes. 

Interlaboratory quality audit program for potable water - assessment of method validation done on inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) 

Anand Kumar H.S. Sahoo S.K. Satpathy G. Swarnabala (SI) VIMTA Labs Ltd, 

Abstract In an effort to assess the method validation done using ICP-AES in our laboratory for potable water, an Environmental Laboratory Approval Program organized by New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center providing the reference material has been undertaken for 14 trace elements and seven other chemical constituents. The certified means for the reference material and the results obtained in our laboratory are compared. The comparisons helped us assess the quality of our work. All the data from the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) fall into the ranges specified. 

These data are intended to depict the quality of chemical analysis being conducted in our laboratory and to increase the level of confidence of our clientele in accepting our test reports. It should be further noted that while the technique may not be new, the model is new and the simultaneous detection of elements required validation for those of our clientele who are only familiar with sequential AAS and AES. 

Keywords ICP-AES Environmental Laboratory Approval Program - New York Department of Health, Wadsworth Center  

Detection limits are frequently reported as the concentration corresponding to three times the noise on the background during aspiration of distilled water, expressed as a standard deviation (3o). This is more appropriately referred to as the instrumental detection limit and is seldom realized in the analysis of real samples. Nevertheless, compilations of such values are useful for contrasting the behavior of different elements by ICP-AES and for comparison with other instrumental methods. A list compiled by P.W.J.M. Boumans and R. M. Barnes a number of years ago is still an accurate reflection of the state of the art, and was reproduced in a recent review [7]. With pneumatic nebulization, detection limits for 76 elements range from 0.5 ng/liter for Ca to 100 jig/liter for C and N. Metals of the first transition series are typical, with values in the range 0.1 to 1 p.g/liter. In most cases, improvements are reported with ultrasonic nebulization. 

Linearity of the calibration curve over a broad dynamic range is an important parameter for the study of real samples where such a range may be detected. Linearity over about six orders of 

ICP-AES is a mature technique of analysis, and the number of papers reporting its use for biological analyses is large in comparison with ICP-MS. Recent years have seen a marked decrease in the expected reference intervals of many elements in body fluids [29] and led to the realization that many previous analyses were in error [30]. No analytical technique has been immune from error, but the enthusiasm for multielement analyses, in the absence of appropriate, certified multielement reference materials, has certainly caused ICP-AES its share of problems. It is fruitless to dwell on past mistakes. The intent here is to provide the reader with several leading references that can be consulted for sample preparation and reliable analysis by ICP-AES of biological fluids and tissues. These are listed in Table 1 [69-78]. 

Autopsied liver. Open digestion with HNO3/HCIO4 on a sand kidney bath, dried, and dissolved in HCI. 

Wavelengths chosen to minimize interference from Ca, K, Mg, Na, and P detection limits under operating conditions reported for each element. Ag, Ba, Be, Co, Cr, Mo, Ni, Sr, Th, and Ti were below the ICP-AES detection limit in all samples. 

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ICP/AES). The mass spectrometric approach has introduced a wider ranging and more sensitive system for estimating element types and abundances in a huge range of sample types. 

To examine a sample by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) or inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES) the sample must be transported into the flame of a plasma torch. Once in the flame, sample molecules are literally ripped apart to form ions of their constituent elements. These fragmentation and ionization processes are described in Chapters 6 and 14. To introduce samples into the center of the (plasma) flame, they must be transported there as gases, as finely dispersed droplets of a solution, or as fine particulate matter. The various methods of sample introduction are described here in three parts — A, B, and C Chapters 15, 16, and 17 — to cover gases, solutions (liquids), and solids. Some types of sample inlets are multipurpose and can be used with gases and liquids or with liquids and solids, but others have been designed specifically for only one kind of analysis. However, the principles governing the operation of inlet systems fall into a small number of categories. This chapter discusses specifically substances that are normally liquids at ambient temperatures. This sort of inlet is the commonest in analytical work. 

ICP/AES. inductively coupled plasma and atomic-emission spectroscopy used as a combined technique... 

For inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) the sample is normally in solution but may be a fine particulate solid or even a gas. If it is a solution, this is nebulized, resulting in a fine spray or aerosol, in flowing argon gas. The aerosol is introduced into a plasma torch, illustrated in Figure 3.21. 

X-ray fluorescence, mass spectroscopy, emission spectrography, and ion-conductive plasma—atomic emission spectroscopy (icp—aes) are used in specialized laboratories equipped for handling radioisotopes with these instmments. 

Obtaining of data concerning the chemical composition of water is critical significance for monitoring water reservoirs and forecasting the quality of drinking water from different water supply sources. A dry residue is commonly used with the methods AAS, ICP-AES, ICP-MS (analysis of liquid) widely applied for determination of water composition. So it is vital to create a standard sample of the composition of dry residue of ultra-fresh Lake Baikal water, its development launched since 1992 at the Institute of Geochemistry SB RAS. 

At present time the use of oxide single erystals sueh as bismuth germanate (Bi Ge O, ) and pai atellurite (TeO,) as deteetors in opto-eleetronies stimulate produetion of high purity Bi, Te, Ge and their oxides Bi O, GeO, TeO,. This requires development of analytieal teehniques for purity eontrol of these materials. For survey traee analysis atomie emission speetrometry (AES) and mass speetrometry (MS) with induetively eoupled plasma (ICP) is widely used. However, the deteetion limits of impurities aehievable by these methods for the analysis of high purity solids are limited by neeessity of sample dissolution in pure aeids and dilution up to 5 10 times for ICP-MS and 50-100 for ICP-AES. One of the most effeetive ways to improve the analytieal performanees of these methods is pre-eoneentration of miero-elements. 

The use of pre-eoneentration in eombination with ICP-AES and ICP-MS let us to diminish a degree of sample dilution up to two orders of magnitude and essentially reduee the limits of deteetion of about 30 elements. In addition, low eontent of matrix element in the solutions prepai ed for ICP-analysis reduees the matrix influenee and minifies the speetral interferenees. Main limitation, espeeially for determination of widespread elements (Si, Ca, Fe, ete.) at the ppb and ppt levels is the purity of ehemieals used for eoneentrate dissolution and dilution. 

Sodium trimetaphosphate was used as an eluting agent for the removal of heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn and Cr from aqueous solutions. Distribution coefficients of these elements have been determined regarding five different concentrations of sodium trimeta phosphate (3T0 M 5T0 M 0.01 M 0.05 M 0.1 M) on this resin. By considering these distribution coefficients, the separation of heavy metals has been performed using a concentration gradient of 3T0 - 5T0 M sodium trimetaphosphate. Qualitative and quantitative determinations were realized by ICP-AES. 

DETERMINATION OF ELEMENT COMPOSITION OF HUMAN BLOOD SERUM BY ICP AES... 

The purpose of the study was the development of multi-elemental teehnique for induetively eoupled plasma atomie-emission speetrometry (ICP AES) analysis of blood semm. 

Two methods of sample preparation were investigated. The former is dilution of blood semm with 0.1% Triton X-100, the latter is aeid mierowave digestion. As evaluated, the most adequate mineralization proeedure for determining the majority of elements in blood semm by ICP AES is aeid mierowave digestion. However, the ICP AES determination of abundant elements (B, Si, Mn), whieh present in semm at 0.001-0.01 ppm levels should be follow sample dilution with Triton X-100. 

In the eourse of the study ICP AES teehnique for determining B, Ba, Ca, Cl, Cu, Ee, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Se, Si, Sr, and Zn in blood serum is developed. Relative standard deviations vary in the range from 0.02 to 0.25 depending on the element. The eorreetness of results obtained is eonfirmed by eomparing with those of independent analytieal methods. 

Recently it has been shown that rotating coiled columns (RCC) can be successfully applied to the dynamic (flow-through) fractionation of HM in soils and sediments [1]. Since the flow rate of the extracting reagents in the RCC equipment is very similar to the sampling rate that is used in the pneumatic nebulization in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES), on-line coupling of these devices without any additional system seems to be possible. 

M diethyltriaminepentraacetate (DTPA), and 0.50 M NH4OH. Distribution ratios measured by ICP/AES analysis were estimated to have a standard deviation of 20%. 

TABLE IV. Distribution Ratios (Measured by ICP/AES) from Synthetic HLLW. 50°C... 

Reaction experiments were performed at the substrate to catalyst ratios between 250 and 5000 (Table 1). The immobilized catalyst showed a rather constant values of TOP and enantioselectivity in spite of the increase in the S/C ratio, even though these values were slightly lower than those of the homogeneous Ru-BINAP catalyst. After the reaction, the Ru content in the reaction mixture was measured by ICP-AES and was found to be under 2 ppm, the detecting limit of the instrument, indicating the at Ru metal didn t leach significantly during the reaction. These results show that the immobilized Ru-BINAP catalyst had stable activity and enantioselectivity and that the Ru metal complex formed a stable species on the alumina support. 

Pt content determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Monolayer uptakes (P = 0) determined at 295 K. 

Homogeneity was, and still is, determined for elements in RMs by various modes of e.g. NAA, XRF, AAS, ICP-AES, ICP-MS and electrochemical methods after decomposition see Section 3.2 and for organometallic and other compounds by combination of chromatographic techniques with these methods, see Section 3.3. 

With solid sampling-electrothermal vaporization-inductively coupled atomic emission spectrometry (SS-ETV-ICP-AES), Cu in two environmental CRMs was determined using a third CRM with similar matrix as calibrant. Comparison with a reference solution showed good agreement (Verrept et al. 1993). 

ScHRON W, Liebmann A, Nimmereall G 2000) Direct solid sample analysis of sediment, soils, rocks and advanced ceramics by ETV-ICP-AES and GF-AAS. Fresenius J Anal Chem 366 79-88. 

Magnesium deficiency has been long recognized, but hypermagnesia also occurs (Anderson and Talcott 1994). Magnesium can be determined in fluids by FAAS, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and ICP-MS. In tissue Mg can be determined directly by solid sampling atomic absorption spectrometry (SS-AAS) (Herber 1994a). Both Ca and Mg in plasma/serum are routinely determined by photometry in automated analyzers. 

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