Inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy

Rubidium metal is commeicially available in essentially two grades, 99 + % and 99.9 + %. The main impurities ate other alkali metals. Rubidium compounds are available in a variety of grades from 99% to 99.99 + %. Manufacturers and suppliers of mbidium metal and mbidium compounds usually supply a complete certificate of analysis upon request. Analyses of metal impurities in mbidium compounds are determined by atomic absorption or inductive coupled plasma spectroscopy (icp). Other metallic impurities, such as sodium and potassium, are determined by atomic absorption or emission spectrograph. For analysis, mbidium metal is converted to a compound such as mbidium chloride. 

E.P.P.A. Derks, B.A. Pauly, J. Jonkers, E.A.H. Timmermans and L.M.C. Buydens, Adaptive noise cancellation on inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst., (1998) in press. 

Inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, used to detect metals in rubber analysis. 

Besides flame AA and graphite furnace AA, there is a third atomic spectroscopic technique that enjoys widespread use. It is called inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. Unlike flame AA and graphite furnace AA, the ICP technique measures the emissions from an atomization/ionization/excitation source rather than the absorption of a light beam passing through an atomizer. 

K. Stewart, and J. Taggert, analysts. Analysis for Li by induction-coupled plasma spectroscopy, S. Wilson, analyst. Analysis for Na, K, and Sr by atomic-absorption spectroscopy, D. D. Eberl, analyst. 

Although electrothermal vaporization has been widely accepted as an extension of atomic absorption, its use in inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy is fairly recent. In this technique the requirement for the vaporizer is somewhat different—the electrothermal vaporizer does not have to double as the atom cell. In fact, it is only needed to effect efficient and reproducible sample transfer from the rod, or a similar device, into the plasma. 

Wet chemical methods involve sophisticated sample preparation and standardization with National Bureau of Standards reference materials but are not difficult for the analytical chemist nor necessarily time consuming (Figure 1). The time from sample preparation to final results for various analytical methods, such as GFAA (graphite furnace atomic absorption), ICP (inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy), ICP-MS (ICP-mass spectrometry), and colorimetry, ranges from 0.5 to 5.0 h, depending on the technique used. Colorimetry is the method of choice because of its extreme accuracy. Typical results of the colorimetric analysis of doped oxides are shown in Tables I and II, which show the accuracy and precision of the measurements. 

It should be standard for each newly prepared batch of nanoparticles to characterize all chemical as well as physical properties, and report all data necessary to prove unequivocally purity and size/size distribution including, but not limited to, 1H NMR (absence of free, non-bound ligands, ammonium salts, or other impurities/ reagents) and elemental analysis and/or inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, ICP-OES/MS (providing information about purity as well as monolayer coverage in conjunction with size information provided by TEM, X-ray diffraction/scattering or DLS). 

The GECE sensors were used for lead determination in real water samples suspected to be contaminated with lead obtained from water suppliers. The same samples were previously measured by three other methods a potentiometric FIA system with a lead ion-selective-electrode as detector (Pb-ISE) graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP). The results obtained for lead determination are presented in Table 7.1. The accumulation times are given for each measured sample in the case of DPASV. Calibration plots were used to determine the lead concentration. GEC electrode results were compared with each of the above methods by using paired -Test. The results obtained show that the differences between the results of GECE compared to other methods were not significant. The improvement of the reproducibility of the methods is one of the most important issues in the future research of these materials. 

Dean, J.R. 2005. Practical Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy. Hoboken, NJ Wiley. 

Atomic absorption remained the technique of choice until relatively recently. However, with the introduction of plasma sources, atomic emission, in the form of inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, has made a comeback. This development is now receiving historical attention, and was the subject of a symposium held in 1999. Papers discussed atomic emission analysis prior to 1950,206 the fact that emission techniques developed continuously, even in the period when absorption methods were dominant,207 and the development of the plasma sources on which the new techniques depend.208 Also discussed was the powerful hyphenated technique of ICP-MS,209 and the history of one of the leading manufacturers of atomic emission instruments.210... 

McLaughlin ML, Cronan JM Jr, Schaller TR, Snelling RD (1990) DNA-metal binding by antitumor-active metallocene dichlorides from inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy analysis titanocene dichloride forms DNA-Cp2Ti or DNA-CpTi adducts depending on pH. J Am Chem Soc 112 8949-8952... 

All below detection by flame atomic absorption or inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. 

Elemental analysis generally poses no problems because of the limited stability of the compounds and the formation of elemental gold in decomposition and combustion, which does not form carbides, nitrides, or other interstitial phases. Atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy are presently the methods of choice for An estimation. Many organogold compounds are sufficiently volatile to allow registration of good mass spectra by gas-phase electron impact. Field desorption, fast-atom bombardment, and chemical ionization mass spectrometry have also been successfully applied. 

Metals by ICP Sample is ashed, dissolved in HNO3, and elements determined by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy AOAC 985.01... 

The surface concentration of copper before etching (in this case, 179 ppm) could be measured by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Therefore A = 179 ppm and the average concentration (in this case, 140 ppm) can be measured by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. The average concentration of copper, C, can be derived as... 

Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy and Its Applications, Hill, S.J., Ed. Sheffield Academic Press Sheffield, England, 1999. 

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) measurements were obtained on the size-fraction ated concentrates with a PHOTOchem Organic Carbon Analyzer (Sybron, Model E3500) as an indication of the concentration of humic materials in each fraction. DOC values are reported as ppmC (mgL" ) The major cations in each fraction were determined by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (Instruments SA, Model JY 86). 

A number of tests are available for the chemical characterization of medical device materials to establish material safety and biocompatibility. These tests include infrared analysis, aqueous and non-aqueous physicochemical tests, high-performance liquid and gas chromatography, atomic absorption spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, and a variety of mechanical/physical tests. 

Ingram (1962) and Ma and Rittner (1979) have summarized many techniques for specific metal analysis. Since humic substances are generally low in ash content, the most applicable approaches are to determine metals by atomic absorption or inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy after appropriate dissolution of the sample. 

Important to quality control are the comparison and confirmation of drug substance identity, excipients, and packaging components. Techniques such as Fourier transform IR (FTIR), attenuated total reflectance (ATR), NIR, Raman spectroscopy are used with increased regularity. The detection of foreign metal contaminants is essential with inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP), atomic absorption (AA), and X-ray fluorescence. Also notable is the increased attention to analysis of chiral compounds, as in the synthesis of drug substances. Optical rotation, ORD, and CD are currently the preferred instruments for this practice. The analytical techniques commonly used in the preformulation study are discussed in the following. 

The a-NiMo04 catalyst was prepared by coprecipitation [2] and afterwards doped by wet impregnation with a solution of cesium nitrate. The impregnated sample was filtered, dried and finally calcined in air for 2 h at 550 C. The catalysts were carefully characterized by several techniques such as BET, ICP (inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy), AA (atomic absorption), HTXRD, FTIR, XPS, CO2-TPD, TPR and electric conductivity. Experimental details and results can be found elsewhere [3-5,12]. 

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