PLASMA ATOMIC EMISSION

Using Argon Plasma Atomic Emission for Analysis of Metals... 

The detection limits in the table correspond generally to the concentration of an element required to give a net signal equal to three times the standard deviation of the noise (background) in accordance with lUPAC recommendations. Detection limits can be confusing when steady-state techniques such as flame atomic emission or absorption, and plasma atomic emission or fluorescence, which... 

Because light emitted from inductively coupled plasma torches is characteristic of the elements present, the torches were originally introduced for instruments that optically measured the frequencies and intensities of the emitted light and used them, rather than ions, to estimate the amounts and types of elements present (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. 

To examine a sample by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) or inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES) the sample must be transported into the flame of a plasma torch. Once in the flame, sample molecules are literally ripped apart to form ions of their constituent elements. These fragmentation and ionization processes are described in Chapters 6 and 14. To introduce samples into the center of the (plasma) flame, they must be transported there as gases, as finely dispersed droplets of a solution, or as fine particulate matter. The various methods of sample introduction are described here in three parts — A, B, and C Chapters 15, 16, and 17 — to cover gases, solutions (liquids), and solids. Some types of sample inlets are multipurpose and can be used with gases and liquids or with liquids and solids, but others have been designed specifically for only one kind of analysis. However, the principles governing the operation of inlet systems fall into a small number of categories. This chapter discusses specifically substances that are normally liquids at ambient temperatures. This sort of inlet is the commonest in analytical work. 

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy... 

For inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) the sample is normally in solution but may be a fine particulate solid or even a gas. If it is a solution, this is nebulized, resulting in a fine spray or aerosol, in flowing argon gas. The aerosol is introduced into a plasma torch, illustrated in Figure 3.21. 

Figure 3.21 A plasma torch for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy...

X-ray fluorescence, mass spectroscopy, emission spectrography, and ion-conductive plasma—atomic emission spectroscopy (icp—aes) are used in specialized laboratories equipped for handling radioisotopes with these instmments. 

Plasma atomic emission spectrometry is also employed as a detection method for gc (see Plasma technology). By monitoring selected emission lines a kind of selective detection based on elemental composition can be achieved (see Spectroscopy). 

The classical wet-chemical quaUtative identification of chromium is accompHshed by the intense red-violet color that develops when aqueous Cr(VI) reacts with (5)-diphenylcarba2ide under acidic conditions (95). This test is sensitive to 0.003 ppm Cr, and the reagent is also useful for quantitative analysis of trace quantities of Cr (96). Instmmental quaUtative identification is possible using inductively coupled argon plasma—atomic emission spectroscopy... 

Instrumental Quantitative Analysis. Methods such as x-ray spectroscopy, oaes, and naa do not necessarily require pretreatment of samples to soluble forms. Only reUable and verified standards are needed. Other instmmental methods that can be used to determine a wide range of chromium concentrations are atomic absorption spectroscopy (aas), flame photometry, icap-aes, and direct current plasma—atomic emission spectroscopy (dcp-aes). These methods caimot distinguish the oxidation states of chromium, and speciation at trace levels usually requires a previous wet-chemical separation. However, the instmmental methods are preferred over (3)-diphenylcarbazide for trace chromium concentrations, because of the difficulty of oxidizing very small quantities of Cr(III). 

Recently it has been shown that rotating coiled columns (RCC) can be successfully applied to the dynamic (flow-through) fractionation of HM in soils and sediments [1]. Since the flow rate of the extracting reagents in the RCC equipment is very similar to the sampling rate that is used in the pneumatic nebulization in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES), on-line coupling of these devices without any additional system seems to be possible. 

P. W. J. M. Boumans. Line Coincidence Tables for Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980, 1984. Lists of emission lines for analysis and potentially overlapping lines with relative intensities, using spectrometers with two different resolutions. 

R. K. Winge, V A. Fassel, V. J. Peterson, and M. A. Floyd. Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy An Atlas of Spectral Information. Elsevier, Amsrerdam, 1985. ICP-OES specrral scans near emission lines usefol for analysis. 

Aluminium, boron, silicon Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry ... 

The authors wish to thank Mr. Edmund Huff of the Chemical Technology Division for performing the inductively couple plasma atomic emission spectrographic analyses. Work performed under the auspices of the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, U. S. Department of Energy under contract number W-31-109-ENG-38. 

Minganti V, Capelli R, Depellegrini R (1995) Evaluation of different derivatization methods for the multielement detection of Hg, Pb and Sn compounds by gas chromatography-microwave induced plasma-atomic emission spectrometry in environmental samples. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 351 (4-5) 471 77. 

The XRD and TEM showed that the bimetallic nanoparticles with Ag-core/Rh-shell structure spontaneously form by the physical mixture of Ag and Rh nanoparticles. Luo et al. [168] carried out structure characterization of carbon-supported Au/Pt catalysts with different bimetallic compositions by XRD and direct current plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. The bimetallic nanoparticles were alloy. Au-core/Pd-shell structure of bimetallic nanoparticles, prepared by co-reduction of Au(III) and Pd(II) precursors in toluene, were well supported by XRD data [119]. Pt/Cu bimetallic nanoparticles can be prepared by the co-reduction of H2PtClg and CuCl2 with hydrazine in w/o microemulsions of water/CTAB/ isooctane/n-butanol [112]. XRD results showed that there is only one peak in the pattern of bimetallic nanoparticles, corresponding to the (111) plane of the PtCu3 bulk alloy. 

Pt content determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Monolayer uptakes (P = 0) determined at 295 K. 

Moens L, Verreft P, Boonen S, Vanhaecke F and Dams R (1995) Solid sampling electrothermal vaporization for sample introduction in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Spectrochim Acta 508 463-475. Mooijman KA, In t Veld PH, Hoekstra JA, Heisterkamp SH, Havelaar AH, Notermans SHW, Roberts D, Griepink B, Maier E (1992) Development of Microbiological Reference Materials. European Commission Report EUR 14375 EN, Community Bureau of Reference, Brussels. 

Verrept P, Dams R, Kurfurst U 1993) Electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry for the analysis of solid samples contribution to instrumentation and methodology. Fresenius 2 Anal Chem 345 1035-1041. 

Magnesium deficiency has been long recognized, but hypermagnesia also occurs (Anderson and Talcott 1994). Magnesium can be determined in fluids by FAAS, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and ICP-MS. In tissue Mg can be determined directly by solid sampling atomic absorption spectrometry (SS-AAS) (Herber 1994a). Both Ca and Mg in plasma/serum are routinely determined by photometry in automated analyzers. 

Method abbreviations D-AT-FAAS (derivative flame AAS with atom trapping), ETAAS (electrothermal AAS), GC (gas chromatography), HGAAS (hydride generation AAS), HR-ICP-MS (high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry), ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), TXRF (total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry), Q-ICP-MS (quadrapole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry)... 

Montaser a, Huse G, Wax R, Chan S, Golightly D, Kane J, Dorrzapf A Jr (1984) Analytical performance of a low-gas flow torch optimized for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Anal Chem 56 283-288. 

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry... 

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