Inductively coupled plasma ICP

Two methods were used to determine the purity of the final material. The ash content was obtained by calculation of a weight loss of 1 g size graphite sample, after its exposure to 900°C for 4 hours (Superior Graphite AIMS procedure FBQ0001). This test gives a good idea of the total amount of impurities. The nature of impurities and their specific concentrations as measured in ppm or ppb levels, was determined with an ICP inductively coupled plasma spectrometer (Model Jobin Yvon Ultima POXX/681,... 

FLAA, flame atomic absorption, is termed AAS in most instances in this book and in other places ICP, inductively coupled plasma AES, atomic emission spectroscopy GFAA, graphite furnace atomic absorption ICP-MS, ICP coupled to mass spectroscopy. 

ICP Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrophotometry IP image plate... 

Chemically pure reagents were used. Cadmium was added as its sulfate salt in concentrations of about 50 ppm. Lanthanides were added as nitrates. For the experiments with other metal ions so-called "black acid from a Nissan-H process was used. In this acid a large number of metal ions were present. To achieve calcium sulfate precipitation two solutions, one consisting of calcium phosphate in phosphoric acid and the other of a phosphoric acid/sulfuric acid mixture, were fed simultaneously in the 1 liter MSMPR crystallizer. The power input by the turbine stirrer was 1 kW/m. The solid content was about 10%. Each experiment was conducted for at least 8 residence times to obtain a steady state. During the experiments lic iid and solid samples were taken for analysis by ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma spectrometry, based on atomic emission) and/or INAA (Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis). The solid samples were washed with saturated gypsum solution (3x) and with acetone (3x), and subsequently dried at 30 C. The details of the continuous crystallization experiments are given in ref. [5]. 

Wet chemical methods involve sophisticated sample preparation and standardization with National Bureau of Standards reference materials but are not difficult for the analytical chemist nor necessarily time consuming (Figure 1). The time from sample preparation to final results for various analytical methods, such as GFAA (graphite furnace atomic absorption), ICP (inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy), ICP-MS (ICP-mass spectrometry), and colorimetry, ranges from 0.5 to 5.0 h, depending on the technique used. Colorimetry is the method of choice because of its extreme accuracy. Typical results of the colorimetric analysis of doped oxides are shown in Tables I and II, which show the accuracy and precision of the measurements. 

GC, gas chromatography HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography MS, mass spectroscopy AA, atomic absorption GFAA, graphite furnace atomic absorption ICP, inductively coupled plasma UV-VIS, ultraviolet-visible molecular absorption spectroscopy IC, ion chromatography. 

Abbreviations. DSC, differential scanning calorimetry ICP, Inductively coupled plasma spectrometer AA, Atomic absorption. 

One of the most exploited procedures is the complexation of metal ions. When a ligand bears a chromophore, a favorable side effect of this procedure is that sensitivity with conventional detection UV-Vis can be improved [2]. Speciation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in waters relied on the pre-complexation of Cr(III) with EDTA and IPC-ICP (inductively coupled plasma)-MS separation of the negatively charged chromium species in less than 2 minutes using a tetrabutylammonium IPR [3]. 

ICP = inductively coupled plasma spectrometry KPA = kinetic phosphorescence analysis MS = mass spectrometry NAA = neutron activation analysis... 

APDC = ammonium pyrroiidine dithiocarbamate Bq = Bequerei and 1 pCi = 0.37 Bq dpm = disintegration per minute and 1 pCi = 2.22 dpm EDTA = ethyienediaminetetraacetic acid Fi = fiow injection HPLC=high performance liquid chromatography ICP = inductively coupled plasma spectrometry INAA = instrumental neutron activation and analysis MS = mass spectrometry NAA = neutron activation analysis nM = nanomole or 10 of a mol... 

Advantages and drawbacks are indicated by + and —, respectively. Thus, freedom from interferences, and the ability to analyze refractory elements. ICP = inductively coupled plasma. 

The a-NiMo04 catalyst was prepared by coprecipitation [2] and afterwards doped by wet impregnation with a solution of cesium nitrate. The impregnated sample was filtered, dried and finally calcined in air for 2 h at 550 C. The catalysts were carefully characterized by several techniques such as BET, ICP (inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy), AA (atomic absorption), HTXRD, FTIR, XPS, CO2-TPD, TPR and electric conductivity. Experimental details and results can be found elsewhere [3-5,12]. 

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