Inductively coupled plasma AES

Inductively coupled plasmas (ICPs) in their present form go back to the work of Reed [374], who used these sources for crystal growth in the 1960s. They were introduced into spectrochemical analysis, by Greenfield et al. in 1964 [375] and by Wendt and Fassel [376], both of whom used them in their present form as sources for atomic emission spectrometry. 

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Molybdenum Co-precipitation with Zr(OH)4 Inductively coupled plasma AES - [896]... 

FLAA, flame atomic absorption, is termed AAS in most instances in this book and in other places ICP, inductively coupled plasma AES, atomic emission spectroscopy GFAA, graphite furnace atomic absorption ICP-MS, ICP coupled to mass spectroscopy. 

Peng. R., Tiggelman, J.J. and De Loos-Vollebrecht, M.T.C. (1990). Analytical performance of a theermospray sample introduction system for inductively coupled plasma-AES, Spectrochim. Acta, 45B, 189-199. 

Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), atomic emission spectrometry (AES) [11], infrared (IR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy have all been studied at various times for the determination of silicon compounds. AAS has been used to determine silicon in methylisobutylketone, chloroform or petroleum ether extracts of packaging materials and foodstuffs [12-17]. However, these methods suffer from the disadvantage that they do not distinguish between organic and inorganic silicon compounds, similarly inductively coupled plasma AES measures total silicon [11]. 

To examine a sample by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) or inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES) the sample must be transported into the flame of a plasma torch. Once in the flame, sample molecules are literally ripped apart to form ions of their constituent elements. These fragmentation and ionization processes are described in Chapters 6 and 14. To introduce samples into the center of the (plasma) flame, they must be transported there as gases, as finely dispersed droplets of a solution, or as fine particulate matter. The various methods of sample introduction are described here in three parts — A, B, and C Chapters 15, 16, and 17 — to cover gases, solutions (liquids), and solids. Some types of sample inlets are multipurpose and can be used with gases and liquids or with liquids and solids, but others have been designed specifically for only one kind of analysis. However, the principles governing the operation of inlet systems fall into a small number of categories. This chapter discusses specifically substances that are normally liquids at ambient temperatures. This sort of inlet is the commonest in analytical work. 

ICP/AES. inductively coupled plasma and atomic-emission spectroscopy used as a combined technique... 

For inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) the sample is normally in solution but may be a fine particulate solid or even a gas. If it is a solution, this is nebulized, resulting in a fine spray or aerosol, in flowing argon gas. The aerosol is introduced into a plasma torch, illustrated in Figure 3.21. 

A wider range of elements is covered by ICT-AES than by atomic absorption spectroscopy. All elements, except argon, can be determined with an inductively coupled plasma, but there are some difficulties associated with He, Ne, Kr, Xe, F, Cl, Br, O and N. 

Recently it has been shown that rotating coiled columns (RCC) can be successfully applied to the dynamic (flow-through) fractionation of HM in soils and sediments [1]. Since the flow rate of the extracting reagents in the RCC equipment is very similar to the sampling rate that is used in the pneumatic nebulization in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES), on-line coupling of these devices without any additional system seems to be possible. 

Inductively coupled plasma with atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES)... 

Pt content determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Monolayer uptakes (P = 0) determined at 295 K. 

Magnesium deficiency has been long recognized, but hypermagnesia also occurs (Anderson and Talcott 1994). Magnesium can be determined in fluids by FAAS, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and ICP-MS. In tissue Mg can be determined directly by solid sampling atomic absorption spectrometry (SS-AAS) (Herber 1994a). Both Ca and Mg in plasma/serum are routinely determined by photometry in automated analyzers. 

Method abbreviations D-AT-FAAS (derivative flame AAS with atom trapping), ETAAS (electrothermal AAS), GC (gas chromatography), HGAAS (hydride generation AAS), HR-ICP-MS (high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry), ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), TXRF (total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry), Q-ICP-MS (quadrapole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry)... 

Leary JJ, Brookes AE, Dorrzape AF Jr, Golightly DW 1982) An objective function for optimization techniques in simultaneous multiple-element analysis by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. Applied Spectroscopy 36 37-40. 

Catalyst characterization - Characterization of mixed metal oxides was performed by atomic emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma atomisation (ICP-AES) on a CE Instraments Sorptomatic 1990. NH3-TPD was nsed for the characterization of acid site distribntion. SZ (0.3 g) was heated up to 600°C using He (30 ml min ) to remove adsorbed components. Then, the sample was cooled at room temperatnre and satnrated for 2 h with 100 ml min of 8200 ppm NH3 in He as carrier gas. Snbseqnently, the system was flashed with He at a flowrate of 30 ml min for 2 h. The temperatnre was ramped np to 600°C at a rate of 10°C min. A TCD was used to measure the NH3 desorption profile. Textural properties were established from the N2 adsorption isotherm. Snrface area was calcnlated nsing the BET equation and the pore size was calcnlated nsing the BJH method. The resnlts given in Table 33.4 are in good agreement with varions literature data. 

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