Plasma emission spectroscopy, inductively

Small concentrations of iron can also be deterrnined by flame atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopies (see... 

Aluminum is best detected quaUtatively by optical emission spectroscopy. SoHds can be vaporized direcdy in a d-c arc and solutions can be dried on a carbon electrode. Alternatively, aluminum can be detected by plasma emission spectroscopy using an inductively coupled argon plasma or a d-c plasma. Atomic absorption using an aluminum hoUow cathode lamp is also an unambiguous and sensitive quaUtative method for determining alurninum. 

Quantitative aluminum deterrninations in aluminum and aluminum base alloys is rarely done. The aluminum content is generally inferred as the balance after determining alloying additions and tramp elements. When aluminum is present as an alloying component in alternative alloy systems it is commonly deterrnined by some form of spectroscopy (qv) spark source emission, x-ray fluorescence, plasma emission (both inductively coupled and d-c plasmas), or atomic absorption using a nitrous oxide acetylene flame. 

P. W. J. M. Boumans, ed.. Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy, 2 Vols. ( Methodology, Instrumentation, and Peformance Applications and Eundamentals),]oVn. Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1987. 

P. W. J. M. Boumans. Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy,... 

Plasma sources were developed for emission spectrometric analysis in the late-1960s. Commercial inductively coupled and d.c. plasma spectrometers were introduced in the mid-1970s. By comparison with AAS, atomic plasma emission spectroscopy (APES) can achieve simultaneous multi-element measurement, while maintaining a wide dynamic measurement range and high sensitivities and selectivities over background elements. As a result of the wide variety of radiation sources, optical atomic emission spectrometry is very suitable for multi-element trace determinations. With several techniques, absolute detection limits are below the ng level. 

Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICPE)... 

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Basic Concepts, Instrumental Aspects, Applications and Trends. By A. Benninghoven, F. G. Ruenauer, and H.W.Werner Analytical Applications of Lasers. Edited by Edward H. Piepmeier Applied Geochemical Analysis. By C. O. Ingamells and F. F. Pitard Detectors for Liquid Chromatography. Edited by Edward S.Yeung Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy Part 1 Methodology, Instrumentation, and Performance Part II Applications and Fundamentals. Edited by J. M. Boumans... 

The catalysts were characterized by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-ES Perkin Elmer Optima 3300RL) to determine cobalt content, x-ray diffraction (XRD Bruker A-500) with crystallite size determination using the Rietveld method, and temperature-programmed reduction (Zeton Altamira AMI-200) using 30 ml/min 10% H2/Ar and a ramp rate of 10°C/min. Surface area... 

An introductory manual that explains the basic concepts of chemistry behind scientific analytical techniques and that reviews their application to archaeology. It explains key terminology, outlines the procedures to be followed in order to produce good data, and describes the function of the basic instrumentation required to carry out those procedures. The manual contains chapters on the basic chemistry and physics necessary to understand the techniques used in analytical chemistry, with more detailed chapters on atomic absorption, inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy, neutron activation analysis, X-ray fluorescence, electron microscopy, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Each chapter describes the operation of the instruments, some hints on the practicalities, and a review of the application of the technique to archaeology, including some case studies. With guides to further reading on the topic, it is an essential tool for practitioners, researchers, and advanced students alike. 

Characterization of the modified plastocyanins was by Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy to analyze for Ru and Cu (1 1 ratio), and by HNMR spectroscopy. In the HNMR characterization the C2H resonance of His59 at 8.2 ppm is seen to be lost due to paramagnetic line broadening effect of the attached Ru(III), Fig. 13 [50]. In a further test it is known that the His59 s of both native plastocyanins react with diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) to give an JV-ethoxyhistidine derivative, (12), which absorbs strongly at 238 nm (e 2750M- cm-i), Fig. 14 [133]. 

An alternative approach is to analyze the samples using procedures or instrumentation that will give the maximum amount of data for each sample. For example, recent advances in atomic spectroscopy, i.e., inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), allow 20 to 30 elements to be detected simultaneously. 

Li or a Li compound in the flame gives a bright crimson color due to its emission of670.8 nm photons produced by the short-lived species LiOH. This is the property that allows for the spectrophotometric determination of Li by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) down to 20 ppb. Inductively-coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICPAES), inductively-coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICPMS), and ion chromatography (IC) improve this limit to about 0.1 ppb. A spot test for detection of Li down to 2 ppm is provided by basic KIO4 plus FeCl3. 

Analysis. Be can be quantitatively determined by colorimetry down to 40 ppb using eriochrome cyanine R or acetylacetone. The sensitivity may be improved by electrothermal absorption spectroscopy (ETAS) to 1 ppb and to 0.1 ppb by inductively-coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICPES) or inductively-coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICPMS). A simple spot test for qualitative detection of Be is one with quinalizarin in alcoholic NaOH which can detect 3 ppm. The color is produced by both Be and Mg. If the color persists after the addition of Br2 water. Be is present. If the color is bleached. Mg is indicated. 

Analysis. The green flame color of Ba is an indicator that it may be determined readily by atomic emission or absorption spectroscopy. Ba is quantitatively determined by colorimetry down to 1 ppm using o-cresolphthalein at a pH of 11, by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AA ) to 200 ppb, to 10 ppb by electrothermal absorption spectroscopy (ETA ), and to 0.1 ppb by inductively-coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICPE ) and inductively-coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICPM ). A spot test for Ba which extends to 30 ppm is provided by a controlled combination of KMn04, H2 04, and H2 03. 

Elemental analysis was carried out by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy at the University of Illinois Elemental Analysis Laboratory. 

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