Immunostimulatory effects

Whey proteins are known to increase immune response and maintain muscle mass (Phillips et ah, 2009). In one instance, when an immunosti-mulatory vitamin and mineral mixture developed at Tufts University Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging was blended with texturized WPI (TWPI) in an extruded snack bar, immunostimulatory effects were enhanced in young (< 5 months) and old (> 22 months) mice fed ad libitum for 5 weeks. The mineral mixture and TWPI improved T cell proliferation and reduced upregulated production of proinflammatory mediators in... 

To analyze newly developed vaccines, it is of interest to study the pharmacological and immunostimulatory effects of the dehvery system (adjuvant) and to compare them to the effects of the combination between the adjuvant and the antigen of interest. This is accomplished by comparing three groups of mice (n = at least 6) Mice immunized with the vaccine (antigen formulated with adjuvant VAC) (to study efficacy aud type of immune response) mice administered with the adjuvant only ADJ) (to elucidate the contribution of the adjuvant on immune response, mechanism of action, and possible side effects) and nonimmunized mice (N). 

A number of modified nucleotides have been tested and described in siRNA design. These are mostly modifications of the 2 OH group of the ribose. By the incorporation of chemically modified nucleotides into siRNAs, the on-target efficiency of the siRNAs can be increased (42 4). On the other hand, different types of siRNA off-target effects can be reduced by the use of chemically modified nucleotides immunostimulatory effects (reviewed in (20)) as well as sequence-dependent miRNA-like off-target effects (26, 44,45) and passenger strand incorporation (46, 47). In addition, chemical modifications can be used to improve the cellular delivery of siRNAs in living animals and are important tools to enhance the serum stability of siRNAs (48). 

Due to its immunostimulatory effects, IL-4 is being assessed clinically for the treatment of various cancer types. Its therapeutic potential in this regard remains unclear until further clinical data is generated. Administration of IL-4 does prompt many characteristic cytokine side effects, the severity of which sometimes equates to IL-1 administration. 

Bacterial DNA, long a component of the earlier whole cell vaccines, has been shown to have an immunostimulatory effect on immune cells and is a potent inducer of cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and IL-12. Monophosphoryl A, a component of mycobacterial cell walls, reacts with receptors on antigen producing cells and generates a Thl response due to the production of IL-2 and IFN-y. 

Further, acidic peptide fractions from Atlantic cod hydrolysate have shown strong immunostimulatory effects, and treatment of these peptides has stimulated the oxidative burst of Atlantic salmon leucocytes (Gildberg et al., 1996). Basically, immunomodulators that enhance the production of oxygen metabolites in macrophages that are responsible for these oxygen metabolites determine the oxidative burst. Oxidative burst reactions are of major importance for the bactericidal power of phagocytes. 

It has recently been established that bacterial DNA, but not vertebrate DNA, has direct immunostimulatory effects on leukocytes in vitro. The immunostimulatory effect is due to unmethylated CpG dinucleotides, which are underrepresented and methylated in vertebrate DNA. CpG DNA and synthetic oligonucleotides from a variety of sources have shown significant promise as new adjuvants (10-12). CpG induces a strong Thl response, mainly by stimulating cytokine induction and through the expression of costimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells. CpG is currently in clinical trials and may become part of a licensed product in the future. 

Dupre, L., Kremer, L., Wolowczuk, I., Riveau, G., Capron, A. and Locht, C. (2001) Immunostimulatory effect of IL-1 8-encoding plasmid in DNA vaccination against murine Schistosoma mansoni infection. Vaccine 1 9, 1373-1380. 

YOGURT COMPONENTS WITH POTENTIAL IMMUNOSTIMULATORY EFFECTS... 

LAB are Gram-positive bacteria with cell wall components such as peptidoglycan, polysaccharide, and teichoic acid, all of which have been shown to have immunostimulatory properties. In addition to cell wall components, immunostimulatory effects were observed with antigens originated from the cytoplasms of some strains of LAB. 

Many investigators have studied the therapeutic effects of yogurt and LAB commonly used in yogurt production on diseases such as cancer, infection, gastrointestinal disorders, and asthma. Because the immune system is an important contributor to all of these diseases, the immunostimulatory effects of yogurt were studied by several investigators. Most of these studies used animal models few human studies on the immunostimulatory effects of yogurt have been conducted. 

These pure dextran phosphates exhibit immunostimulatory effects independent of the molecular weight. It was shown that the mitogenic response of murine splenocytes can be enhanced [101]. Moreover, dextran phosphate (Mw 40 000 g mol-1) increases the survival rate of mice infected with influenza A2 virus (H2N2). Intraperitoneal administration of dextran phosphate, an interferon inducer, shows a 1-day delay in the virus growth in lung, and production of HAI antibody, when compared to the non-treated or dextran-treated mice as controls. More significant was the 2-day delay in the development of lung consolidation, which led to 40% survival of the treated mice [102]. 

Liu, J., Wang, S., Qi, J., Wang, X., and Song, Y. 1998. The immunostimulatory effect of bioactive peptide from pollen on murine and human lymphocytes. Meek Ageing Dev. 104, 125-132. 

Several studies in experimental animals and humans have demonstrated the immunostimulatory effects of lactic cultures on several aspects of humoral and cell-mediated immunity (Nader de Macias et al., 1992 Perdigon et al., 1990 Kaila et al., 1992). Whether the immunoenhancing effects of LAB are related to their immuno-genicity is not known. It is well documented that mucosal antibodies prevent the... 

BXSB/Mp, NZBxNZW/Fl, NZM, AKR). Experience with any of these strains is scarce and is restricted mainly to salts of heavy metals such as mercury. Mercury has been clearly shown to have immunostimulatory effects in NZBxNZW/Fl mice (Pollard et al., 1999). In a study examining the immunotoxic effects of diphenyl-hydantoin (Bloksma et al., 1994), MRL mice were exposed to the drug in the drinking-water for a period of six months in this case, however, no indications of adverse immune reactions were found. Future studies should include more autoimmunogenic pharmaceuticals and negative controls in order to determine the extent to which systemic lupus erythematosus-prone models are useful to study or predict chemical-induced autoimmunity. 

Based on the promising data obtained using cationic peptides as adjuvant in the sense of antigen delivery systems in the context of vaccines, the question arose as to whether these systems could also be used in combination with other adjuvants. As in earlier experiments cationic peptides were used to transport DNA molecules into cells, it was clear that poly-L-arginine should be tested in combination with oli-godeoxynucleotides containing CpG-motifs (CpG-ODN), which were described to be immunostimulatory substances on their own, and to analyze the immunostimulatory effect of the combined adjuvants. 

Teppler, H., et al.. Prolonged immunostimulatory effect of low-dose polyethylene glycol interleukin 2 in patients with human immunodeficiency virus t3q>e 1 infection. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1993, 177, 483-492. 

Many biochemical processes are closely related to ion exchange, adsorption and catalysis. Zeolites reversibly bind small molecules such as oxygen or nitric oxide, they possess size and shape selectivity, the possibility of metalloenzyme mimicry, and immunomodulatory activity. These properties make them interesting for pharmaceutical industry and medicine. In vitro experiments showed inhibition of tumour cell proliferation as well as MZ to be the possible scavenger of HNE. After i.p. application of MZ, the number of peritoneal macrophages was increased as well as their production of oxide anion. NO generation was totally abolished. At the same time translocation of p65 subunit of NFkB in spleen cells was observed. Thus, here we report anticancer effect of MZ in vitro and immunostimulatory effect in vivo. 

The immunostimulatory effects of saponins can be observed both in vivo and/or in vitro, and may either be directed against a specific antigen induced immune response (adjuvant effect), or to a nonspecific type of immune response. Induction of an adjuvant effect always takes place in vivo, whereas nonspecific stimulation may also take place in vitro. Presently, the bidesmosidic saponins from Quillaja saponaria Molina [16], and to some degree those from Gypsophila sp. and Saponaria officinalis [42], are the only saponins with effective and confirmed antigen-specific immunomodulatory activities in vivo. However, other saponins that show immunostimulatory activity in vitro and/or in vivo are also considered herein. 

Bafna, A.R., and S.H. Mishra. 2006. Immunostimulatory effect of methanol extract of Curculigo orchioides on immunosuppressed mice. /. Ethnopharrmcol. 104(l-2) l-4. 

In their host, tumor cells and lymphocytes (immune T cell NK cells) encounter each other, and both subjects of observation emit exosomes. The exosomes are engulfed by various host cells. Even in the case of an incipient and localized tumor, the entire host is made aware that a malignantly transformed cell colony is on board. It is under extensive investigation what biological effects exosomes may convey. With considerable oversimplification, it appears that exosomes of tumor cell-derivation are more immunosuppressive than immunostimulatory. Whereas exosomes derived from reactive DCs and immune T cells convey immunostimulatory effects. Tumor cells communicate to re-assert their presence by releasing microvesicles in the host s blood and lymph circulation [1960-1964]. 

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