Bactericidal powers

Further, acidic peptide fractions from Atlantic cod hydrolysate have shown strong immunostimulatory effects, and treatment of these peptides has stimulated the oxidative burst of Atlantic salmon leucocytes (Gildberg et al., 1996). Basically, immunomodulators that enhance the production of oxygen metabolites in macrophages that are responsible for these oxygen metabolites determine the oxidative burst. Oxidative burst reactions are of major importance for the bactericidal power of phagocytes. 

In the case of the dihydroxybenzenes, the alkyl derivatives of resorcinol have been carefully investigated, and it is found that the entrance of the methyl group into the ring, forming orcinol, depresses the bactericidal power. The influence of higher alkyl groups on the nucleus of the resorcinol molecule is considered under Hm lresorcinol (q.v.). 

Valette G, Liber A (1938) Bactericidal power of Convolvnlaceae resin. Compt Rend Soc Biol 128 362-363... 

Acetic anhydride is a useful solvent in certain nitrations, acetylation of amines and organosulfur compounds for mbber processing, and in pesticides. Though acetic acid is unexceptional as a fungicide, small percentages of anhydride in acetic acid, or in cold water solutions are powerful fungicides and bactericides. There are no reports of this appHcation in commerce. It is possible that anhydride may replace formaldehyde for certain mycocidal apphcations. 

Cavitation induced in any liquid system will result in the formation of radicals (see Section4.2.2). In the case of water sonication one chemical product is hydrogen peroxide which, together with the radical species provides a powerful bactericide and oxidant. 

Bactericidal drugs cause death of microbial cells and their lysis at clinically attainable concentrations. For such drugs, the MBC is close or equal to the MIC. Treatment with bacteriostatics stops bacterial growth, thus allowing neutrophils and other protective powers of the body to remove the pathogen. 

The bactericidal effect of photodynamic treatment (PDT) has been known for a long time (for reviews see Dai et ah, 2009 Wainwright, 1998, 2004). The method relies on illumination of microorganisms treated with nontoxic photosensitizers (PSs) by low-power visible (red, blue, or white) light. The interaction of light with PS produces highly active. 

Flosdorf and Chambers (1933) reported that metal sulfides were oxidized in the presence of audible sound (1 to 15 kHz) while investigating the bactericidal action of audible sound however, Schmitt et al. (1929) were the first researchers to observe the rapid oxidation of dissolved H2S gas to colloidal sulfur during sonication at 750 kHz with a 250-W power source. They reported that an increase in the total pressure of the system (P02) led to higher oxidation rates up to a limiting critical pressure. This critical pressure depended on the amount of dissolved H2S gas and the intensity of irradiation. The primary oxidation product was found to be elemental sulfur. The overall reaction was thought to proceed via reactions of HS with OH radicals, HO radicals, or H202. 

H. parainfluenzae (MIC, 0.03-0.25 mg I. ) [150], M. catarrhalis (MIC90 0.03-0.125 mg L"1) [149,151,182] and K. pneumoniae [33,182,187,188], although its activity against specific bacteria is less powerful than that of ciprofloxacin [188]. When moxifloxacin was used in combination with cefepime or piperacilhn/tazobactam against clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae and Acinetobacter baumannii, an increase in bactericidal activity was obtained compared to that of the individual compounds this was due to synergistic effects between the different compounds [189]. 

Moxifloxacin has excellent pharmacokinetics, is well-tolerated, nonphototoxic, and penetrates rapidly into the body tissues and fluids. Its powerful bactericidal activity and rapid tissue penetration and diffusion to the site of infection produce a rapid onset of action. Due to its long plasma half-life of 12 h, a once-daily dose of400 mg is sufficient for treatment. 

Physiological Action.—Owing to its powerful oxidising properties, ozone is both a deodoriser and a bactericide of considerable efficiency. Schonbein 3 found that air, laden with organic matter hberated m the course of one minute from 4 oz. of putrid flesh, may be completely deodorised by its own volume of air containing 1 volume of ozone per... 

Applications.2—As mentioned in the previous section, ozone, on account of its powerful oxidising properties, exerts a marked bactericidal effect. It is frequently employed, theiefore, for improving the atmosphere of buildings that are hable to be crowded, for underground passages, and for the stations and tunnels of electric tube railways.3 In these cases great care has to be taken that the concentration of the ozone shall always be well under the danger limit. 

Sunlight.—Although diffused daylight has but httle action, direct sunlight is a powerful bactericide.2... 

The preozonation of the water by means of excess ozone from the ozonation chamber has been introduced chiefly to utilize all the ozone injected into the ozonation chamber water. In eliminating ozone losses, the first concern was to reduce the operating and installation costs appreciably. But it was also desired to see if, by satisfying part of the ozone demand of the water before the actual disinfection operation by means of the recovered ozone, it would be possible to obtain a subsequently more powerful bactericidal action with smaller ozone dosages. The object has been attained. 

Wood is attacked by insects, fungi, and bacteria. Tributyltin compounds are powerful fungicides and bactericides, and tributyltin oxide or naphthenate has been used for wood preservation since the early 1960s. The wood is often impregnated with the organotin compound in an organic solvent by a double-vacuum process. A sealed chamber containing die wood is evacuated to low pressure. The chamber is flooded with the preservative and the vacuum is released so that the preservative is forced into the wood, then the vacuum is restored to remove the excess solution. 

Cationic surfactants (cetrimide, lauralkonium, etc.) powerful bactericides and fungicides... 

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