Clinical assessment

Myers RD, Melchior CL Differential actions on voluntary alcohol intake of tetra-hydroisoquinolines or a beta-carboline infused chronically in the ventricle of the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 7 381-392, 1977 Naranjo CA, Sellers EM Clinical assessment and pharmacotherapy of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome, in Recent Developments in Alcoholism, Vol 4. Edited hy Galanter M. New York, Plenum, 1986... 

To date, the most common tool for clinical assessment of cardiac electrical function is the electro-cardiogram (ECG). It is a dynamic representation, usually obtained from the body surface, of the changes in cardiac electrical behaviour. 

Pharmacoeconomics is a nascent discipline which has not yet provided clinicians and budget managers with the level of information necessary for confident decision-making. This is particularly true in psychiatry where the dearth of acceptable, reliably measurable clinical end points makes pharmacoeconomic evaluation even more complex and open to debate. Nonetheless, the data reviewed in this book, when placed alongside clinical data, do provide a framework for decision-making which is better informed and more realistic than any exclusively clinical assessment could be. Economic evaluations in all major mental illnesses, while some way from conclusive, are certainly providing valuable guidance to decision-makers both at policy level and in the clinic. 

Knibbs, P. J., Plant, C. G. Pearson, G. J. (1986b). A clinical assessment of an anhydrous glass-ionomer cement. British Dental Journal, 161, 99-103. 

Osborne, J. W. Berry, T. G. (1986). Clinical assessment of glass ionomer cements as Class III restorations a one-year report. Dental Materials, 2, 147-50. 

MDMA studies in monkeys are of value because they will help to define the risk that MDMA poses to humans. Additionally, these studies could help identify functional consequences of MDMA neurotoxicity in primates, and thus guide the clinical assessment of MDMA-exposed individuals. 

Duplex ultrasonography is the most commonly used test to diagnosis DVT. It is a non-invasive test that can measure the rate and direction of blood flow and visualize clot formation in proximal veins of the legs. It cannot reliably detect small blood clots in distal veins. Coupled with a careful clinical assessment, it can rule in or out (include or exclude) the diagnosis in the majority of cases. 

TABLE 73-1. Clinical Assessment of Degree of Dehydration in Children Based on Percentage of Body Weight Loss... 

Initial clinical assessment involved some 1200 wet AMD patients. Although both control and product groups continued to experience vision loss, the rate of vision decline experienced by macugen-treated patients was significantly slower than in the case of control patients. The most frequent/potentially serious side effects noted during these trials were endophthalmitis, retinal detachment, eye inflammation/irritation and blurred vision, although rare cases of anaphylaxis have also been reported. Macugen is marketed by Eyetech Pharmaceuticals and Pfizer. 

Monitor therapeutic response Clinical assessment Laboratory tests... 

Following the initiation of therapy, patients are usually monitored at 3-month intervals with immunologic (i.e., CD4 count), virologic (HIV RNA), and clinical assessments. 

The diagnosis of chronic bronchitis is based primarily on clinical assessment and history. By definition, any patient who reports coughing up sputum on most days for at least 3 consecutive months each year for 2 consecutive years suffers from chronic bronchitis. Table 43-1 presents a classification and treatment scheme for chronic bronchitis. 

Fox, J.G. (1977). Clinical assessment of laboratory rodents on long term bioassay studies. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 1 199-226. 

Sandoz Clinical Assessment-Geriatric. The Sandoz Clinical Assessment-Geriatric (SCAG) test measures 18 individual symptoms plus a global rating using a seven-point scale similar to those used in the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. It measures the present period or that within the last week, requires about 10 to 15 minutes to complete, and does not contain subtests. 

Davis, A.S. (1998) The pre-clinical assessment of QT interval prolongation a comparison of in vitro and in vivo methods. Human el Experimental Toxicology, 17, 677-680. 

Nevertheless, the composition that was identified has stood the test of time. Minor modifications have been made to make improvements in clinically assessed mildness without sacrificing lather [22], but the Dove composition remains largely unchanged to this day. 

The test schedule during that early period included the measurement of vital signs at frequent intervals and brief notes describing behavioral changes. Most investigators tested performance infrequently after the first few hours. General observation was the primary basis for clinical assessment, using test scores only to help confirm clinical impressions. 

In addition to the visual monitoring of subjects during testing, clinical assessment can be accomplished by having the project physician interview each subject concerning symptoms, with a standard questionnaire immediately after exposure. Also, subjects can keep a record, on a standard form, of symptoms experienced during and after exposure. It is well to note here that caution should be exercised in interpreting symptoms, because these are unlikely to be blind studies. 

In the vestibnlar organ, the initial hair cell damage occurs in the apex of the cristae and the striolar regions of the maculi. Hair cell loss then progresses toward the periphery of the vestibular receptor organ with type I hair cells affected earlier than the type 11 hair cells. Vestibular disturbances from systemic aminoglycoside administration present as severe unsteadiness that becomes worse in the dark, bnt an objective clinical assessment is difficult. In contrast to the situation in the cochlea, regeneration of vestibular hair cells has been observed in mammalian species. ... 

Market research activities, post-marketing surveillance studies, clinical assessments and the like must not be disguised promotion. 

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