Adjuvant effect

Kiss E (1990). Adjuvant effect of cavinton in the treatment of climacteric symptoms. Therapia Hungarica (Budapest), 38, 170-173. 

Sliitter B, Plapied L, Fievez V et al (2009) Mechanistic study of the adjuvant effect of biodegradable nanoparticles in mucosal vaccination. J Control Release 138 113-121... 

A number of mineral-based substances display an adjuvant effect. Although calcium phosphate, calcium chloride and salts of various metals (e.g. zinc sulfate and cerium nitrate) display some effect, aluminium-based substances are by far the most potent. Most commonly employed are aluminium hydroxide and aluminium phosphate (Table 13.13). Their adjuvanticity, coupled to their proven safety, render them particularly valuable in the preparation of vaccines for young children. They have been incorporated into millions of doses of such vaccine products so far. 

The adjuvant effect of different doses of lipid A in lipospheres was also examined by immunizing rabbits with lipospheres containing R32NS1 and prepared at different final concentrations of lipid A. The ELISA titers of the individual rabbit groups immunized, as determined by dilution of serum obtained at 6 weeks after primary immunization, have shown a gradual increase in IgG antibody titer with increasing... 

The adjuvant effect of lipid A on the immunogenicity of polymeric lipospheres was also tested [14], Incorporation of lipid A in PCL lipospheres had no effect on the IgG ELISA titers. However, in the case of PLA lipospheres, lipid A significantly increased the immune response to R32NS1 malaria antigen, resulting in IgG levels similar to those obtained with PCL lipospheres. The adjuvant effect of lipid A incorporated in PLA lipospheres was observed even after 1600-fold dilution of the rabbit sera [14],... 

Vanrooijen, N. and R. Vannieuwmegen, Endotoxin Enhanced Adjuvant Effect of Liposomes, Particularly When Antigen and Endotoxin Are Incorporated within the Same Liposome, Immunological Communications. 9, 747, 1980. 

Sun, H.X. et al., Adjuvant effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on the immune responses to ovalbumin in mice, Vaccine, 22, 3882, 2004. 

Nygaard, U.C., Aase, A., and Lovik, M., The allergy adjuvant effect of particles - genetic factors influence antibody and cytokine responses, B.M.C. Immunol. 6, 11, 2005. 

Kreuter and Speiser [77] developed a dispersion polymerization producing adjuvant nanospheres of polymethylmethacrylate) (PMMA). The monomer is dissolved in phosphate buffered saline and initiated by gamma radiation in the presence and absence of influenza virions. These systems showed enhanced adjuvant effect over aluminum hydroxide and prolonged antibody response. PMMA particles could be distinguished by TEM studies and the particle size was reported elsewhere to be 130 nm by photon correlation spectroscopy [75], The particle size could be reduced, producing monodisperse particles by inclusion of protective colloids, such as proteins or casein [40], Poly(methylmethacrylate) nanoparticles are also prepared... 

Kikuchi, Y., Sasa, H., Kita, T., Hirata, J., Tode, T., and Nagata, I. (1991). Inhibition of human ovarian cancer cell proliferation in vitro by ginsenoside Rh2 and adjuvant effects of cisplatin in vivo. Anticancer Drugs 2, 6S-67. 

Figure 6 Immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (IRIV) adjuvant effects in the induction of tumor associated antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell. CD14-negative cells from a healthy donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cocultured with autologous immature dendritic cells (iDC) in the presence of Melan-A/Mart-l27-35, alone (A) or supplemented with either control liposomes (B) or IRIV (1 50, C). On day 7, culture cells were restimulated with Melan-A/MART-127-35 pulsed iDC and cultured for six further days [see Materials and Methods ]. On day 7 after restimulation cells were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated anti-CD8 and phosphatidylethanolamine-conjugated HL A-A0201 /Melan-A/MART -127-3 5 tetramers. Source From Ref. 6.

As is documented in Table 2, the induction of anti-carbohydrate immune responses has been successfully demonstrated for many peptides. However, certain challenges remain. Often, the induced antibody titer (concentration) directed against the carbohydrate is rather weak, especially in comparison to the anti-peptide response the majority of antibodies recognize the peptide presumably in a nonmimetic conformation. Several recent studies have investigated these immime responses in more detail, with an extensive analysis of antibody isotypes and adjuvant effects [70,75], the effect of different protein carriers [194], the use of DNA vaccines [48,195], and the demonstration of protection by passive immunization [72,75,194]. In several cases, the anti-carbohydrate immune response has also been shown to be protective against infection in mice [30,72,75,78], and these cases are probably the most promising for the development of vaccines. 

The influence of physicochemical properties of liposomes, such as charge density, membrane fluidity, and epitope density, on the immune response elicited by antigens has been extensively studied [37]. In addition to antigens, other immune stimulators that are amphoteric muramyl peptides or lipid-soluble compounds, such as monophosphoryl lipid A or muramyl tripeptidyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, can also be incorporated into liposomes to increase their adjuvant effect in eliciting immune responses [34]. 

Cytokines have been under clinical investigation as adjuvants to vaccines, and IFNs and IL-2 have shown some positive effects in the response of human subjects to hepatitis vaccine. IL-12 and GM-CSF have also shown adjuvant effects with vaccines. GM-CSF is of particular interest because it promotes recruitment of professional antigen-presenting cells such as the dendritic cells required for priming naive antigen-specific T-lymphocyte responses. There are some claims that GM-CSF can itself stimulate an antitumor immune response, resulting in tumor regression in melanoma and prostate cancer. 

Because it requires small amounts of lipid A generally injected s.c., the adjuvant effect of lipid A has been largely investigated in cancer patients, but only with MPLA. Phase I and phase II trials show weak toxicity of different vaccines with MPLA and the development of an immune response. Phase III are now necessary to find an effective protocol. 

Bal CS, Kumar A, Pandey RM. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the adjuvant effect of lithium on radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism. Thyroid 2002 12(5) 399-405. 

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