Cytokine stimulation

Yeh MW, Kaul M, Zheng J, Nottet HS, Thylin M, Gendelman HE, Lipton SA (2000) Cytokine-stimulated, but not HIV-infected, human monocyte-derived macrophages produce neurotoxic levels of 1 -cysteine. J Immunol 164(8) 4265-4270... 

There is an expanding body of evidence to suggest that sesquiterpene lactones inhibit the synthesis NO synthetase. One such compound is an ambrosanolides-type sesquiterpene known as cumanin characterized from Ambrosia psilostachya. This sesquiterpene inhibit the enzymatic activity of NO synthetase with an IC50 value of 9.38 xM (49). Another example is the well-known artemisinin, a sesquiterpene used as an alternative drug in the treatment of severe and multidrug-resistant malaria, which inhibits NO synthesis in cytokine-stimulated human astrocytoma T67 cells (50). 

Stimulation of murine peritoneal macrophages with IFNy and LPS induced NO synthesis and activated IRE binding by IRP-1 and IRP-2. This activation is NO dependent and accompanied by a loss of the aconitase activity of IRP-1. This was also shown to occur in other cell types, such as the erythroid cell line K562, rat brain slices and mouse fibroblast lines and did not require cytokine stimulation. The activating effects of NO may depend on a direct interaction with the 4Fe-4S cluster or a slow effect on the low-molecular-weight iron pool. Activation of IRP-2 by LPS and IFN-y has not been universally confirmed (reviewed by Cairo and Pietrangelo, 2000). 

Malarkey, W.B. and Zvara, B.J., Interleukin-1-6 and other cytokines stimulate ACTH release from cultured pituitary cells of patients with Cushing s Disease, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 69, 196, 1989. 

Liu L, Damen JE, Cutler RL, and Krystal G., 1994, Multiple cytokines stimulate the binding of a common 145-Mlodalton protein to She at the Grb2 recognition site of She. Mol Cell Biol. 14 6926-6935. 

Which chemokines attract Tregs to inflammatory sites and which cytokines stimulate their proliferation during inflammation ... 

Lapidot, T., Pflumio, F., Doedens, M., Murdoch, B., Williams, D. and Dick J. (1992) Cytokine stimulation of multi lineage hematopoiesis from immature human cells engrafted in SCID mice, Science255, 1137-1141. 

Cytokines stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete growth hormone, antidiuretic hormone and ACTH. 

The Ca -selective hormones calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin influence this interaction in the bone cells. Parathyroid hormone promotes Ca "" release by promoting the release of cytokines by osteoblasts. In turn, the cytokines stimulate the development of mature osteoclasts from precursor cells (bottom). Calcitonin inhibits this process. At the same time, it promotes the development of osteoblasts (top). Osteoporosis, which mainly occurs in women following the menopause, is based (at least in part) on a reduc-... 

Rosen EM, Meromsky L, Setter E et al (1990) Quantitation of cytokine-stimulated migration of endothelium and epithelium by a new assay using microcarrier beads. Exp Cell Res 186 22-31... 

Numerous studies have indicated that pro-inflammatory mediators (cytokines) are involved in the destruction of the insulin-producing p-cells of the pancreas in the development of type I diabetes. Tabatabaie et al. introduced cytokines and PBN into the pancreas of rats. The analysis of pancreatic extracts revealed that the cytokines stimulate the formation of lipid radicals. Radical generation did not occur in rats treated with streptozotocin, which destroys the P-cells.33 Evidence for the role of radicals in diabetes has also been provided by spin trapping studies in pancreatic homogenates, showing that streptozotocin, which is often used to induce the condition in laboratory animals, stimulates OH production.332 Other workers, using EPR to observe the decay of a spin probe in the abdomen of mice (at 1.2 GHz), have demonstrated that strep-... 

Reference and pathological values (GTPCH) reference values for cytokine-stimulated fibroblasts for GTPCH are for control cells 2.6 pU/mg (50th percentile ... 

Astrocytes also express adrenoreceptors (Hertz et al., 1984) (Richards et al., 1989) and their activation has been shown to play some role in inflammatory contexts. NE reduces iNOS expression and nitrate accumulation in LPS plus cytokines-stimulated rat primaiy astrocytes (Feinstein et al., 1993 Feinstein, 1998). The reduction in the nitrate accumulation is attenuated by propranolol, but not by phentolamine, an a antagonist (Feinstein et al., 1993) (Facchinetti et al., 2004). 

Miller KJ, Gonzalez HA. Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor activation inhibits cytokine-stimulated inducible nitric oxide synthase in C6 glioma cells. Ann NY Acad Sci 1998 861 169-173. 

Noso, N., Sticherling, M., Bartels, J., Mallet, A. I., Christophers, E., and Schroder, J. M. (1996) Identification of an N-terminally truncated form of the chemokine RANTES and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as major eosinophil attractants released by cytokine-stimulate dermal fibroblasts. J. Immunol. 156, 1946-1953. 

Finally, growth factors and cytokines induced by radiation treatment can contribute in determining radioresistance. They can stimulate both survival and apoptotic pathways, depending on the integrity of the biochemical signals downstream of the proliferative activity of Myc. In those tumors, where growth factors and cytokines stimulate cell proliferation without activating cell death, we anticipate radioresistance. 

Herrmann F, Lindemann A, Gauss J, Mertelsmann R (1990) Cytokine-stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis from endogenous and exogenous arachidonic acids in polymorphonuclear leukocytes involving activation and new synthesis of cyclooxygenase. Eur J Immunol 20 2513-2516 Herschman HR (1996) Prostaglandin synthase 2. Biochim Bio-phys Acta 1299 125-140... 

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