Immunization adverse reactions

Diphtheria and tetanus Diphtheria and Immunization against Sfee adverse reactions for See package inserts... 

Diphtheria and Certiva, Active immunization against Sse adverse reactions for Follow package... 

Vaccine diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed, hepatitis B (recombinant) and inactivated poliovirus combined Pediarix Active immunization against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and all known subtypes of hepatitis B virus, and poliomyelitis immunization Sfee adverse reactions against individual vaccines. Primary immunization series 3 doses of 0.5 mLat 6-to 8-week intervals IM (first dose is 2 months of age, but may be given as early as 6 weeks of age)... 

Adverse reactions from the administration of vaccines or toxoids are usually mild. Chills, fever, muscular aches and pains, rash, and lethargy may be present. Pain and tenderness at the injection site may also occur. Although rare, a hypersensitivity reaction may occur. The Summary Drug Table Agents for Active Immunization provides a listing of the more rare, but serious, adverse reactions. 

Adverse reactions to immune globulins are rare. However, local tenderness and pain at the injection site may occur. The most common adverse reactions include urticaria, angioedema, erythema, malaise, nausea, diarrhea, headache, chills, and fever. Adverse reactions, if they occur, usually last for several hours. Systemic reactions are extremely rare... 

The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) is a national vaccine safety surveillance program co-sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). VAERS collects and analyzes information from reports of adverse reactions after immunization. Anyone can report to VAERS, and reports are sent in by vaccine manufacturers, health care providers, and vaccine recipients and their parents or guardians. An example of the VAERS and instructions for completing the form are found in Appendix F. Any clinically significant adverse event that occurs after the administration of any vaccine should be reported. Individuals are encouraged to provide the information on the form even if the individual is uncertain if the event was related to the... 

In most case the risk of serious adverse reactions from an immunization is much smaller than the risk of contracting the disease for which the immunizing agent is given. 

The majority of immediate-type adverse reactions to LA seem to be non-immune in nature, earlier called pseudo-allergic [24]. Following the new nomenclature of the World Allergy Organization, these reactions should now be called non-immune anaphylaxis [25]. 

Because of the risks of adverse reaction to the vaccine by persons who had already been exposed to the disease a sensitivity test must be carried out prior to immunization with BCG. A Mantoux skin test assesses an individual s sensitivity to a purified protein derivative (PPD) prepared fi om heat-treated antigens (tuberculin) extracted fiom M tuberculosis. A positive test imphes past infection or past, successful immunization Those with strongly positive tests may have active disease and should be referred to a chest clinic. Many people with active TB, especially disseminated TB, however, sero-convert fiom skin test positive to skin test negative. Results of the skin test must therefore be interpreted with care. 

Irey, N.S., Drug adverse reaction reports related to immunotoxicity, in Inadvertent Modification of the Immune Response The Effects of Foods, Drugs, and Environmental Contaminants, Asher, I.M., Ed., US Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C., 1978, p. 140. 

Respiratory hypersensitivity is an adverse reaction in the respiratory tract driven by immune mechanisms such as IgE antibody mediated allergic responses. Other less well understood mechanisms that have an immune component are also involved in respiratory hypersensitivity. OA is one outcome of respiratory hypersensitivity. Respiratory hypersensitivity and OA to proteins are primarily mediated by IgE antibody with subsequent inflammatory cell infiltrates. This same mechanism is responsible for OA to specific LMW chemicals such as the acid anhydrides and platinum salts. However, the role for IgE mediated responses in OA to other LMW chemicals such as the isocyanates and plicatic acid is poorly defined and other mechanisms may be responsible. 

Owing to the extreme sensitivity of certain susceptible individuals, an increasingly important concern among consumers is adverse reactions that occur as a consequence of food allergies or intolerances. Food allergies involve an abnormal immune response while food intolerances do not involve the immune system. 

CDC, Update vaccine side effects, adverse reactions, contraindications, and precautions reommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP), MMWR, 45(RR12 001), September 6,1996. 

Provide vaccine to act prophylatically use Ap or its fragments as an antigen to elicit antibody response. A conducted trial showed antibodies were generated as predicted but for unknown reasons patients suffered encephalitis other vaccines are contemplated which may use different parts or fragments ofAp to evoke an immune response and to reduce the encephalitis adverse reaction (see Exhibit 4.6). 

Furthermore, by comparing the gene expression profdes of healthy clinical subjects with those clinical subjects who experienced adverse reactions after administration of the vaccine, it will be possible to find differences in their immune responses and to identify biomarkers for these adverse reactions. These biomarkers can then be utilized in future vaccine development, diagnosis, and risk calculations. 

Many chemicals (including pharmaceuticals but also environmental and occupational chemicals) are known to stimulate the immune system in a way that autoimmune diseases occur [61]. However, because of its multifactorial nature, the occurrence of autoimmune-like (including drug allergic) diseases is rare if considered on a compound-by-compound base. But, in some cases (e.g., in case of HIV or Herpes virus-infected individuals), adverse reactions occur at a higher rate [65, 66]. 

Strobel, S. (1997). Oral tolerance Immune responses to food antigens. In "Food Allergy Adverse Reactions to Foods and Food Additives" (D. D. Metcalfe, H. A. Sampson, and R. A. Simon, eds.), 2nd ed., pp. 107-135. Blackwell Science, Boston. 

Adverse reactions include alteration of taste perception in a high proportion of patients, drug fever, proteinuria and immune complex nephritis and an increased incidence of autoimmune diseases. Most feared are blood dyscrasias for which blood tests should be done regularly. 

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and its active component, muramyl dipeptide, have been shown to have aspecific immunostimulant activity. It is mainly used for the local treatment of bladder cancer. It binds to fibronectine in the bladder epithelium. Hypersensitivity reactions and immune complex disease are its major adverse reactions. 

In December 1997, Secretary of Defense William Cohen announced a departmentwide anthrax immunization program for high-risk military personnel. Implementation began in March 1998. On May 18, 1998, the Secretary authorized the vaccination of all military forces (Cohen, 1998). Almost 2.5 million troop-equivalent doses of vaccine were required to implement the Secretary s decision, much more than had ever been produced by the licensed manufacturer in its entire history. Prior to Desert Storm, the primary vaccine users had been veterinary, laboratory, and industrial workers at risk of infection, for whom an estimated 60,000 doses of Anthrax Vaccine Absorbed (AVA) were distributed between 1974 and 1989, an average of 4,533 doses per year (foellenbeck et al., 2002). During Desert Storm, approximately 150,000 troops received 300,000 doses of AVA, without accurate recording of recipients or adverse reactions. 

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