Liquid-fuel

Fuels, alternative Fuels, combustion Fuels from biomass Fuels from waste Fuels, liquid Fuels, synthetic... 

Liquid Fuels. Liquid fuels can be obtained as by-products of low temperature carbonization by pyrolysis, solvent refining, or extraction and gasification followed by catalytic conversion of either the coal or the products from the coal. A continuing iaterest ia Hquid fuels has produced activity ia each of these areas (44—46). However, because cmde oil prices have historically remained below the price at which synthetic fuels can be produced, commercialization awaits an economic reversal. 

Vaporized fuel oil gas behaves very elosely to natural gas beeause it provides high performanee with a minimum reduetion of eomponent life. About 40% of the turbine power installed operates on liquid fuels. Liquid fuels ean vary from light volatile naphtha through kerosene to the heavy viseous residuals. The elasses of liquid fuels and their requirements are shown in Table 12-1. 

Table 6. Other parameters/operating conditions affecting canister performance and design Recirculating Fuel System Non-Recirculating Fuel System Single vs. Multiple Carbon Beds Gasoline vs. Alcohol-based Fuels Liquid Fuel Ingestion into Carbon Bed Water Ingestion into Carbon Bed Dispensed Fuel Temperature...

Keywords chemical terrorism cleaner production fuel liquid waste market economy rocket utilization sustainable development... 

David K Schmalzer, Ph.D., P.E. Fossil Energy Program Manager, Argonne National Laboratory Member, American Chemical Society, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Fuels, Liquid Petroleum Fuels, Gaseous Fuels)... 

There are three ways to use biomass. It can be burned to produce heat and electricity, changed to gas-like fuels such as methane, hydrogen and carbon monoxide, or converted to a liquid fuel. Liquid fuels, also called biofuels, are predominantly two forms of alcohol ethanol and methanol. Because biomass can be converted directly into a liquid fuel, it could someday supply much of our transportation fuel needs for cars, tmcks, buses, airplanes, and trains. This is veiy important because nearly one-third of our nation s energy is now used for transportation. 

Burning Rates of Ordinary Petroleum Fuel Liquids... 

Methanol-Air Acid 60 - Liquid fuel - Liquid fuel... 

A rocket engine, Fig. El.l, burns a stoichiometric mixture of fuel (liquid hydrogen) in oxidant (liquid oxygen). The combustion chamber is cylindrical, 75 cm long and 60 cm in diameter, and the combustion process produces 108 kg/s of exhaust gases. If combustion is complete, find the rate of reaction of hydrogen and of oxygen. 

Some technological information on the Aerojet General Corporation s composite propellants technology was published recently [20]. Ammonium perchlorate is ground to the particle sizes ranging from 1 to 200 fx and then mixed to form a blend of the various particle sizes which gives the best mechanical and ballistic properties. Ammonium perchlorate is mixed with liquid polybutadiene-acrylonitrile fuel, liquid plasticizer and aluminium powder (Fig. 118). The motor casing is coated internally... 

Liquid fuel storage. Another large weight and space consumer on offshore platforms is the tankage dedicated for liquid fuel. Liquid fuel may be gas, oil, or diesel, depending on location, logistics, and availability. Separating the needs from the "wants applies here also. 

Coal and Coal-Tar Hydrogenation. If paraffinic and olefinic liquids are extracted from solid fuel substances, the hydrogen content of the residual material is reduced even further, and the residues become more refractory. The yields of liquids so derivable are generally low, even when a significant fraction of the hydrogen is extractable. Thus production of fuel liquids from nonliquid fuel substances such as coal and coal tars may be enhanced only by the introduction of additional hydrogen in a synthesis process. The principal differences in the processes are from the modes in which hydrogen is introduced and the catalysts used. 

Shale Oil. In the United States, shale oil, or oil derivable from oil shale, represents the largest potential source of liquid hydrocarbons that can be readily processed to fuel liquids similar to those derived from natural petroleum. Some countries produce liquid fuels from oil shale. There is no such industry in the United States although more than 50 companies were producing oil from coal and shale in the United States in 1860 (152,153), and after the oil embargo of 1973 several companies reactivated shale-oil process development programs (154,155). Petroleum supply and price stability has since severely curtailed shale oil development. In addition, complex environmental issues (156) further prohibit demonstration of commercial designs. 

Fuels, liquid -thorium as catalyst [IHORIUM AND THORIUM COMPOUNDS] (Vol 24)... 

Energy sources and conversion— biomass, batteries, fuel celts and fuel cell technology, hydrogen as a fuel, liquid and gaseous fuels from coal, oil shale, tar sands, nuclear fission and fusion, lithium lor thermonuclear reactors, insulating materials, and solar energy. 

Synthetic fuels economy Electricity + Synthetic fuels Liquid fuels are convenient to use. Synthetic fuels derived from fossil fuels at first, later from biomass. 

This term varies significantly with the nature of the fuel. Liquid fuels are characterized by the presence of recirculation currents induced by buoyancy. These currents homogenize the temperature distributions, reducing in-depth conduction. Nevertheless, convective motion transfers heat to the interior of the pool leading to an additional term of in-depth convection. Convective heat transfer in polymer melts has a similar behavior and could potentially have an important effect on burning rates nevertheless, the impact of polymer melt rheology on the flammability of materials is still a matter of great controversy. 

PURIFICATION OF BIODIESEL FUEL - LIQUID HYDROCARBONS AND CARBONHYDRATE FROM SULFUR CONTAINING IMPURITIES... 

Liquefied gases are common for a variety of purposes. For example, liquid propane in cylinders is used as a domestic fuel, liquid oxygen is carried in rockets, natural gas is liquefied for ocean transport, and liquid nitrogen is used for low-temperature refrigeration. In addition, gas mixtures (e.g., air) are liquefied for separation into their component species by fractionation. 

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