Liquid fuels green catalysts

Green Catalysts for Producing Liquid Fuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass... 

In this chapter, we focus on current efforts to apply various eatalysts in the conversion of lignocellulosie biomass molecules into liquid fuels. From the viewpoint of the fundamental chemistry, we discuss the main ehemical processes and reaction mechanisms for specific biomass conversion methods, as well as the typical catalysts that are used. Since these biomass eatalysts are used to perform green chemistry [ie., produce renewable energy) we ean also call them green catalysts. We hope that this chapterwill serve as a tutorial for green chemistry education, and inspire researchers to design more efficient, robust, low-cost and sustainable catalytic approaches. This chapter does not intend to serve as a comprehensive account for all the catalysts used for lignocellulosie biomass conversion. 

Especially, the eco-friendly ionic liquids have obtained extensive attention in organic synthesis with the merits provided as above. The ionic liquids as the unusual green solvents are applied extensively in various organic synthesis reactions, such as Friedel-Crafts reactions, oxidation reactions, reduction reactions, addition reactions, C-C formation reactions, nucleophilic substitution reactions, esterifications, rearrangements, hydroformylations, and nitration reactions [7-14]. Besides, the ionic liquids also have applications in the extraction separation, the electrochemistry, and preparation of nanostructured materials, the production of clean fuel, environmental science, and biocatalysis. This chapter would present in detail the application of the ionic liquids as the unusual green solvents (also as dual green solvent and catalyst) for the alkylation and acylation. 

---