Secondary liquid fuels

The electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol has been widely investigated for exploitation in the so-called direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The most likely type of DMFC to be commercialized in the near future seems to be the polymer electrolyte membrane DMFC using proton exchange membrane, a special form of low-temperature fuel cell based on PEM technology. In this cell, methanol (a liquid fuel available at low cost, easily handled, stored, and transported) is dissolved in an acid electrolyte and burned directly by air to carbon dioxide. The prominence of the DMFCs with respect to safety, simple device fabrication, and low cost has rendered them promising candidates for applications ranging from portable power sources to secondary cells for prospective electric vehicles. Notwithstanding, DMFCs were... 

R. J. Fontaine, R. S. Levine, and L. P. Combs, Secondary Nondestructive Instability in Medium Size Liquid Fuel Rocket Engines, in Advances in Tactical Propulsion, S. S. Penner, ed., AGARD Conference Proceedings no. 1, Maidenhead, England Technivision Services, 1968, 383-419. 

Improvement of the atmosphere continues to be of great concern. The continual search for fossil fuel resources can lead to the exploitation of coal, shale, and secondary and tertiary oil recovery schemes. For instance, the industrialization of China, with its substantial resource of sulfur coals, requires consideration of the effect of sulfur oxide emissions. Indeed, the sulfur problem may be the key in the more rapid development of coal usage worldwide. Furthermore, the fraction of aromatic compounds in liquid fuels derived from such natural sources or synthetically developed is found to be large, so that, in general, such fuels have serious sooting characteristics. 

Coal carbonization is the earliest and most important method. Coal carbonization is mainly used to produce cokes for metallurgy and some secondary products like coal gas, benzene, and methylbenzene. Coal gasification takes up an important position in chemical industry. City gas and varieties of fuel gases can be produced by coal gasification. The common role of low-tanperature carbonization, direct coal liquefaction, and indirect coal Uqnefaction is to produce liquid fuels. 

Combustion air is generally consisting of primary air (for atomisation of liquid fuels), secondary air for combustion and tertiary air for ensuring completion of combustion of any remaining oil droplets/fiiel particles and for protecting furnace refractory lining. These are controlled by suitable control dampers in the air lines. 

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