Gaseous and Liquid Opportunity Fuels

For the most part, opportunity fuels of primary significance to the electric utility and process industry communities are solids—as is reflected in the previous chapters. However numerous gaseous and liquid opportunity fuels also exist These fuels are typically methane-rich gases such as (not exhaustive) methane recovered in association with coal mining, off-specification refinery gas, coke oven gas, landfill gas, and wastewater treatment gas. Liquid opportunity fuels include hazardous wastes and waste oils that may or may not be considered as hazardous wastes. These fuels are used mainly in small quantities as blends with other fossil fuels or in specialty niche markets. This chapter discusses gaseous and liquid opportunity fuels such as coalbed methane, landfill gas, coke oven gas, and wastewater treatment gas as well as hazardous liquids and waste oils used in cement kiln and other energy applications. 

Conclusions Regarding Gaseous and Liquid Opportunity Fuels... 

The array of gaseous and liquid opportunity fuels is uz ressive it reflects the professional ingenuity of the engineering community in its search for cost-effective solutions to energy cost management. These fuels are a significant conqrlement to the solid opportunity fuels discussed in previous chapters of this book. 

When CCS is practiced in association with central production it also contributes in a very significant way to CO2 reduction from the transport sector. This clean hydrogen could have well-to-wheel emissions of 2.5-kg C02 per kg H2, a level at which the transport-sector emissions would be reduced by 85%, when hydrogen fuel cell vehicles replace hybrid ICE vehicles. We have shown that this emission level can be achieved both for gaseous and liquid distribution of hydrogen, and that the total costs for both distribution modes are similar, offering the possibility to adapt flexibly to local retail preferences and industrial opportunities. 

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