Funding liquid fuels

ENCOAL A process for making liquid fuel from low-grade coals. A solid fuel (process-derived coal) is also produced. Developed on a large scale from 1992 by ENCOAL Corporation with funding from the U.S. Department of Energy. 

The PEPS Gasification system offers the capability to convert a petroleum refinery by-product into valuable, ultra-clean liquid fuels. Alternately, the system can be modified to generate hydrogen, another valuable clean fuel. These fuels could reduce the nation s dependence on imported oil. Preliminary design for a 25 TPD Clean Fuels PEPS pilot unit has been completed, as has some risk reduction testing. Future funding for completion of the project is... 

MANOIL A process for converting municipal waste to a liquid fuel. Invented by F.R. Benn and C.A. McAuliffe at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Teehnology and piloted there, but not commercialized. Tetralin is used as the solvent a nickel catalyst is desirable although not essential. The company Manoil Ltd was created to commercialize it, with funding from the City of Manchester... 

This work was funded by the Clean Liquid and Solid Fuels Group of EPRI, Contract RP-779-5.( ) William C. Rovesti was the Project Manager. 

NASA has also funded research by several aerospace firms, including Lockheed and Boeing, to determine if liquid hydrogen could be practical for commercial aircraft and what modifications would be needed for airports and fueling systems. 

EPRI also contributed 27,700 barrels of synthetic fuel to the test effort. Due to funding constraints, the intensive testing of the coal derived liquids could not be maintained for the entire project. Therefore, the first phase of the testing on three of the fuels was considered the "Intensive Test Matrix", while the last three coal derived liquids were examined under normal plant operation and are referred to as the "Longevity Tests". 

Dismantlement of nuclear submarines decommissioned in the process of disarmament is a serious problem. More than 1 million curies of solid radioactive waste and more than 7,000 cubic meters of liquid waste have already been accumulated on Kola Peninsula. Containment of liquid radioactive waste is not adequate. Construction of a new plant was stopped because of the lack of funding. Storage sites for solid waste operate since 1986 and many of them are 90% full. Significant amounts of spent fuel have been stored in on-land and floating waste facilities more than 100 reactor cores (21,000 fuel assemblies) in a good condition and 700 damaged fuel assemblies that should be isolated from the environment. All storage facilities for spent fuel are 100% full. More than 100 reactor cores are still in reactors of decommissioned nuclear submarines that are currently based in the vicinity of residential areas [Bisovka, pp. 2-3]. 

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