Mixtures stoichiometric

For a titration to be accurate we must add a stoichiometrically equivalent amount of titrant to a solution containing the analyte. We call this stoichiometric mixture the equivalence point. Unlike precipitation gravimetry, where the precipitant is added in excess, determining the exact volume of titrant needed to reach the equivalence point is essential. The product of the equivalence point volume, Veq> and the titrant s concentration, Cq, gives the moles of titrant reacting with the analyte. 

Titanium Monoxide. Titanium monoxide [12137-20-17, TiO, has a rock-salt stmcture but can exist with both oxygen and titanium vacancies. For stoichiometric TiO, the lattice parameter is 417 pm, but varies from ca 418 pm at 46 atom % to 4I62 pm at 54 atom % oxygen. Apparendy, stoichiometric TiO has ca 15% of the Ti and O sites vacant. At high temperatures (>900° C), these vacancies are randomly distributed at low temperatures, they become ordered. Titanium monoxide may be made by heating a stoichiometric mixture of titanium metal and titanium dioxide powders at 1600°C... 

Titanium Sesc uioxide. Ti202 has the comndum stmcture. At room temperature it behaves as a semiconductor having a small (0.2 eV) band gap. At higher temperatures, however, it becomes metallic. This is associated with marked change in the mean Ti—Ti distance. As with TiO, titanium sesquioxide, Ti202, may be made by heating a stoichiometric mixture of titanium metal and titanium dioxide powders at 1600°C under vacuum in an aluminum or molybdenum capsule. 

Titanium pyrophosphate [13470-09-2] TiP20y, a possible uv reflecting pigment, is a white powder that crystallizes ia the cubic system and has a theoretical density of 3106 kg/m. It is iasoluble ia water and can be prepared by heating a stoichiometric mixture of hydrous titania and phosphoric acid at 900°C. 

Combustion. The primary reaction carried out in the gas turbine combustion chamber is oxidation of a fuel to release its heat content at constant pressure. Atomized fuel mixed with enough air to form a close-to-stoichiometric mixture is continuously fed into a primary zone. There its heat of formation is released at flame temperatures deterruined by the pressure. The heat content of the fuel is therefore a primary measure of the attainable efficiency of the overall system in terms of fuel consumed per unit of work output. Table 6 fists the net heat content of a number of typical gas turbine fuels. Net rather than gross heat content is a more significant measure because heat of vaporization of the water formed in combustion cannot be recovered in aircraft exhaust. The most desirable gas turbine fuels for use in aircraft, after hydrogen, are hydrocarbons. Fuels that are liquid at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature are the most practical and widely used aircraft fuels kerosene, with a distillation range from 150 to 300 °C, is the best compromise to combine maximum mass —heat content with other desirable properties. For ground turbines, a wide variety of gaseous and heavy fuels are acceptable. 

Flame Temperature. The adiabatic flame temperature, or theoretical flame temperature, is the maximum temperature attained by the products when the reaction goes to completion and the heat fiberated during the reaction is used to raise the temperature of the products. Flame temperatures, as a function of the equivalence ratio, are usually calculated from thermodynamic data when a fuel is burned adiabaticaHy with air. To calculate the adiabatic flame temperature (AFT) without dissociation, for lean to stoichiometric mixtures, complete combustion is assumed. This implies that the products of combustion contain only carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur dioxide. 

The best power is achieved slightly rich of stoichiometric air/fuel the best fuel economy is achieved slightly lean of stoichiometric mixture. 

A tubular reactor is to be designed for the synthesis of methanol from a stoichiometric mixture of CO and Hj. The reaction occurs in the vapor phase using a solid catalyst in the form of porous spheres CO + 2H2 = CH3OH. The average mixture physical and thermodynamic data at 500 K and 10 Mpa are... 

Tests are needed to determine the effects of multicomponent lean and rich mixtures on the performance of deflagration and detonation flame arresters. Combustion of lean mixtures can result in spin and galloping detonations which have more focused and higher pressures, and thus are of greater concern with respect to the structural integrity of flame arresters and other pipeline devices (e.g., fast-closing valves). Lean mixtures are more prevalent than stoichiometric mixtures in most manifolded vent systems. 

Equivalence Ratio The ratio of fuel concentration in the actual fuel-air mixture divided by the fuel concentration in a stoichiometric mixture. 

Stoichiometric Mixture A balanced mixtnre of fnel and oxidizer snch that no excess of either remains after combnstion. 

Probably no more than 500 kg of liquid methane was involved. This would have formed a cloud 1 m deep (3 ft) and 40 m (130 ft) in radius (assuming a stoichiometric mixture). TNT equivalency was estimated to be 1000-2000 kg, which implies that the yield was 18-36%. 

Cell size depends strongly on the fuel and mixture composition more reactive mixtures result in smaller cell sizes. Table 3.2 shows that a stoichiometric mixture of methane and air has an exceptionally low susceptibility to detonation compared to other hydrocarbon-air mixtures. 

Estimating the volume within each congested region, calculating the fuel mass for a stoichiometric mixture, multiplying the fuel mass by the heat of combus-... 

Roberts (1982) uses a fireball s heat production to calculate its final diameter. Roberts assumes that, at the moment of maximal fireball size, the total increase in enthalpy can be related to the initial mass ratio of fuel to air. If R = mjttif for a stoichiometric mixture, the enthalpy rise (//) can be approximated by... 

This model also produces a high temperature for combustion of a stoichiometric mixture of fuel and air, because it assumes that all combustion energy contributes to the increase in enthalpy and neglects energy lost by radiation. However, for an air/fiiel ratio of 1.5 to 2 and with t) = 0.75, the fireball temperature approximates that measured by Lihou and Maund (1982). 

Calculate the stoichiometric air-fuel mass ratio, r, from the stoichiometric mixture composition, <(> and air and fuel molecular weights ... 

Calculate w from the actual mixture composition , the stoichiometric mixture composition <()s, and the expansion ratio for stoichiometric combustion a ... 

Calculate the air-fuel mass ratio r from the stoichiometric mixture composition < >j, and the densities of air and fuel ... 

Analysis had shown that the fuel behaved like ethylene-air mixture and the cloud could be so large that it could fill the whole calculation domain up to about 20 m high. The ethylene-air gas cloud was assumed to be a homogeneous stoichiometric mixture with the shape of a box. The following two cloud assumptions were chosen ... 

They found that a stoichiometric mixture of titanium tetrachloride, secondary amine, and aldehyde or ketone produeed enamines directly and rapidly [Eq. (11)]. 

The sulfur-rich analogue TI3B3S10 was likewise prepared as yellow plates from the appropriate stoichiometric mixture of (3TI28 -b 6B -b 178) at... 

Trigonal planar A1 is found in the [AlSb3] anions in [Cs6K3Sb(AlSb3)], which is formed by heating a stoichiometric mixture of 6Cs, 3KSb and AlSb in a sealed Nb ampoule at 677°... 

Figure 7-46 illustrates a typical relationship of limits of flammability and ignitibility for a methane air mixture. Note that energy required to ignite a flammable mixture (within its LET and UEL) varies with the composition, and that a 0.2 millijoule (mj) spark is inadequate to ignite even a stoichiometric mixture at atmospheric pressure at 26°C, while 1-mj spark can ignite any... 

In addition to the possibility of controlling the particle size of the hydroxides, application of ammonium carbonate affords several other advantages compared to traditional precipitation of hydroxides using ammonia solution. First, ammonium carbonate does not increase the total volume of the solution as much as does the addition of ammonia. Second, the method enables to perform the interaction so as to precipitate stoichiometric mixtures, which... 

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