Combustion liquid fuels

A basic requirement of burner combusting liquid fuels is a high-quality fuel atomization [9], necessary for complete evaporation and burnout in the area of the flame. If some fuel drops are not evaporated and combusted in the area of flame, concentrations of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons (UHCs) in flue gas increase rapidly. For the above mentioned reason most liquid fuel burners are designed as diffusion burners with fuel atomized in the combustion chamber. The fuel atomization system itself is rather dependent on physical and chemical properties of fuel and availability of auxiliary atomizing medium. Thus there are three basic types of atomization [10] (i.e., pressure, pneumatic, and rotary atomization). Besides these, there are other, less frequent types of atomization using vibrational, acoustic, ultrasonic, and electrostatic atomizers or flash liquid atomization. 

Combustion. Liquid fuels are sprayed into a cavity in the boiler called a furnace. Fuel is mixed with air and burned. In a water tube boiler, the hot gases produced by combustion flow first over the superheater tubes and then over tubes containing liquid water, where steam is produced. 

Liquid fuels. Industrial burners for liquid fuels usually atomize the fuels in hot air so that droplets will evaporate during combustion. For more volatile fuels such as kerosine, vaporizing burners of various types are employed, usually for domestic purposes. 

Fuels, alternative Fuels, combustion Fuels from biomass Fuels from waste Fuels, liquid Fuels, synthetic... 

Safety Considerations Design and location of storage tanks, vents, piping, and connections are specified by state fire marshals, underwriters codes, and local ordinances. In NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 1993 (published by the National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Mass.), liquid petroleum fuels are classified as follows for safety in handhng ... 

Products of Combustion For lean mixtures, the products of combustion (POC) of a sulfur-free fuel consist of carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen, oxygen, and possible small amounts of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon species. Figure 27-12 shows the effect of fuel-air ratio on the flue gas composition resulting from the combustion of natural gas. In the case of solid and liquid fuels, the... 

If a fuel is in the liquid state, such as fuel oil, most of it must be vaporized to the gaseous state before combustion occurs. This vaporization can be accomplished by supplying heat from an outside source, but usually the liquid fuel is first atomized and then the finely divided fuel particles are sprayed into a hot combustion chamber to accomplish the gasification. 

Important liquid fuel properties for a gas turbine are shown in Table 12-5. The flash point is the temperature at which vapors begin combustion. The flash point is the maximum temperature at which a fuel can be handled safely. 

An alternate approach to fuel washing is to utilize a vaporized fuel oil system (VFO). This technology was developed as a method for converting natural gas fuel systems to liquid fuel. The process involves mixing steam with the liquid fuel and then vaporizing the mixture. The vaporized mixture exhibits the same combustion properties as natural gas. 

The fuels consumed in the fire were treated wood, penta, and creosote (coal tars). Both are considered combustible liquids, with flash points above 160° F (CC). Vapor conditions within the headspaces of tanks can, however, reach explosive conditions, and the introduction of an ignition source resulted in spontaneous combustion. Under ideal conditions, creosote burns similar to crude oil, and in standard lab burn tests, has an average burn rate of 4 mm/min. There is no data on the burn rate of penta however, its vapors would have likely burned at much slower rates and a series of complex chemical transformations would have occurred. 

Confined combustion explosions (gaseous or liquid) usually occur when a flammable vapor leaks into an enclosure and mixes witJi air to form a flarmnable mix-ture, whereupon this mix+ure contacts an ignition source tliat was present before the leak occurred. This type of explosion ctm tUso occur in storage taitks or sliips where tlie vapor space above tlie stored flanunable liquid (fuel) is in tlie cxplosivity range. In tliis case, an ignition source accidentally introduced will cause an explosion. 

Liquid fuels for use in internal-combustion engines are extracted and refined from crude oil, with diesel fuels being part of the middle distillate or kerosene fraction. Kerosene was initially derived from coal pyrolysis. The initial main use of this type of distillate was for the kerosene lamp, which had replaced lamps based on whale oil. 

This is the temperature at which the liquid fuel will vaporize when injected into the combustion chamber therefore it becomes an important factor in the ignition-delay period of the fuel. Lower-boiling-range fuels such as No. 1-D are more volatile, while No. 2-D has a lower volatility, therefore requiring higher temperature to vaporize or boil. Due to these factors. 

The gas combustion turbine, more commonly called the gas turbine, uses natural or other gas or liquid fuel for combustion and the generation of hot gases for expansion... 

Approximate Liquid Fuel Consumption for Muiticylinder Internal Combustion [4,5]... 

External to the boiler house, provision for the storage and handling of solid and liquid fuel is required with access for delivery vehicles. With some small boilers such as electrode or steam-coil generators, where the boiler only serves a single item of plant or process, it is practical to install them immediately adjacent to that process. The electrode boiler is eminently suitable here as no combustion gases are produced. 

Monaghan, M.T., Siddal, R.G., and ThrING, M.W. Comb and Flame 17 (1968) 45. The influence of initial diameter on the combustion of single drops of liquid fuel. 

Methanol, CH OH, is a clean-burning liquid fuel being considered as a replacement for gasoline. Calculate the theoretical yield in kilograms of C02 produced by the combustion of 1.00 L of methanol (of density 0.791 g-cm ) and compare it with the 2.16 kg of CO, generated by the combustion of 1.00 L. of octane. Which fuel contributes more C02 per liter to the atmosphere when burned What other factors would you take into consideration when deciding which of the two fuels to use See Box 14.2. 

F.E.C. Culick. Combustion instabilities in liquid-fueled propulsion systems, an overview. AGARD Conference Proceedings Combustion Instabilities in Liquid Fuelled Propulsion Systems, 450, pp. 1.1-1.73. NATO, 1988. 

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