Liquid hydrogen fueling system

Fischer, G., Schnagl, J., Sarre, C., Lechner, W. (2003). Fimction of the liquid hydrogen fuel system for the new BMW 7 series. In "Proc. T European Hydrogen Energy Conf.", Grenoble 2003. CDROM published by Association Francaise de I Hydrogene, Paris, 6 pp. 

Europe s first fuel cell bus, the Eureka, made its much-delayed debut in Brussels near the end of 1994. First announced in 1988, the Eureka was an articulated 59-foot 80-passenger device whose fuel cell and other components were housed in a two-wheeled trailer almost as long as the bus itself. A hybrid with an 87-kilowatt alkaline fuel cell made by the Belgian Elenco company plus NiCad batteries from French battery maker SAFT, it had electrical traction equipment from Italy s Ansaldo and a liquid-hydrogen fuel system contributed by Air Products of the Netherlands. The bus itself came from Van Hool. In all, the partners and the member governments spent about 8 million to get the bus on the road before its demise a few months later. Elenco was forced into bankruptcy in the spring of 1995 when the shareholders refused to come up with additional cash its assets... 

Propellant tailoring has also been studied as a means of upgrading the performance of present liquid oxygen systems by adding F2. This potential performance improvement (indicated in Table II) would apply to both hydrocarbon- and hydrogen-fueled systems. Experimental studies with both systems have verified the propellant system performance increases which can be realized. 

Stewart, W.F., Operating Experience With a Liquid-Hydrogen Fueled Buick and Refueling System, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 9, No. 6, pp. 525-538, 1984. 

The liquid hydrogen fuel storage system used on the private automobile will cost more to manufacture than the simple steel or plastic tanks used as current gasoline fuel tanks. This increased cost is a result of both the greater complexity of the tank and the requirement it be made with close tolerances. In the purchase price of an automobile, these costs will largely be offset by a reduction in the cost of the emission control equipment. The combustion of hydrogen is so clean there is no need for any complex emission controls. 

In this chapter, it has been shown that it is feasible to convert internal combustion engines in existing vehicles to the use of hydrogen fuel and build all new vehicles with Liquid hydrogen fuel and engine systems. These vehicles offer the following advantages. 

PRELIMINARY TEST RESULTS ON A COMPRESSED MULTILAYER INSULATION SYSTEM FOR A LIQUID-HYDROGEN-FUELED ROCKET... 

The potential short-supply of petroleum-based fuels has led to activities by NASA to establish technical characteristics of air transportation systems that would use hydrogen-fueled aircraft. These activities cover sources and production of liquid hydrogen, aircraft configurations, and air terminal modifications, as affected by the introduction of liquid-hydrogen-fueled aircraft. ... 

Anon, An Exploratory Study to Determine the Integrated Technological Air Transportation System Ground Requirements of Liquid-Hydrogen-Fueled Subsonic, Long-Haul Civil Air Transports, NASA CR-2699 (May 1976). 

R.G. Helenbrook and J.Z. Colt, Development and Validation of Purged Thermal Protection Systems for Liquid Hydrogen Fuel Tanks of Hypersonic Vehicles, NASA CR-2829 (June 1977). 

Table 12-4 is a summary of liquid fuel speeifieations set by manufaeturers for effieient maehine operations. The water and sediment limit is set at 1% by maximum volume to prevent fouling of the fuel system and obstruetion of the fuel filters. Viseosity is limited to 20 eentistokes at the fuel nozzles to prevent elogging of the fuel lines. Also, it is advisable that the pour point be 20 °F (11 °C) below the minimum ambient temperature. Failure to meet this speeifieation ean be eorreeted by heating the fuel lines. Carbon residue should be less than 1% by weight based on 100% of the sample. The hydrogen eontent is related to the smoking tendeney of a fuel. Lower... 

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