Liquid-fuel reactor specificities

Oil Refining. Further fractionation of the wood oil product is necessary when the objective is to either recover pure chemical compounds, or upgrade or process specific chemical group components. Results which are reported elsewhere by Renaud et al (7) and Pakdel et al (8) show that the multiple-hearth reactor can be operated in a mode that enables the separation and recovery of selected fractions of liquid fuels and chemicals. 

The second edition of this handbook contains some new and updated information including chapters on liquid metal cooled fast reactors, liquid fueled molten salt reactors, and small modular reactors that have been added to the first section on reactors. In the second section, a new chapter on fuel cycles has been added that presents fuel cycle material generally and from specific reactor types. In addition, the material in the remaining chapters has been reviewed and updated as necessary. The material in the third section has also been revised and updated as required with new material in the thermodynamics chapter and economics chapters, and also includes a chapter on the health effects of low level radiation. 

The field of propulsion deals with the means by which aircraft, missiles, and spacecraft are propelled toward their destinations. Subjects of development include propellers and rotors driven by internal combustion engines or jet engines, rockets powered by solid- or liquid-fueled engines, spacecraft powered by ion engines, solar sails or nuclear reactors, and matter-antimatter engines. Propulsion system metrics include thrust, power, cycle efficiency, propulsion efficiency, specific impulse, and thrust-specific fuel consumption. Advances in this field have enabled hiunanity to travel across the world in a few hours, visit space and the Moon, and send probes to distant planets. 

The dehnitioD and assessment of MSFR operation procedures requires dedicated tools to simulate the reactor s behavior and assess its flexibility during normal (eg, loadfollowing) or incidental (eg, pump failure) transients. The reactor modelization requires specific treatments to take into account the phenomena associated with the liquid-fuel circulation. 

Additional metrics for assessment of the performance of a catalytic membrane reactor, specifically to generate H2 from liquid hydrocarbon fuels, are provided in Equations [9.6][9.8j. Similar equations can be applied to processes other than H2 generation as well. The liquid hydrocarbon feed conversion is given by ... 

Most combustion processes are chain-branching, but other examples of chain-branching reactions are also found in industrial systems. Chain-branching reaction systems are potentially explosive, and for this reason great care must be taken to avoid safety hazards in dealing with them. The explosion behavior of gaseous fuels as a function of stoichiometry, temperature, and pressure has been an important research area [241]. Experimental data are typically obtained in a batch reactor, a spherical vessel immersed in a liquid bath maintained at a specific temperature. The desire to understand the explosion behavior of various... 

While all pyrolysis oil production reactor systems produce similar materials, each reactor produces a unique compound slate. The first decision, especially for a potential chemical or fuel producer, rather than a reactor developer, is to determine what products to make and which reactor system to use. The operating parameters of any reactor system designed to produce pyrolysis oil, especially temperature, can be altered to change the pyrolysis oil product composition and yield. Different feedstocks will produce different pyrolysis oil compositions and by-products, e.g. amorphous silica from rice hulls or rice straw, fatty acids from pine. Finally, feedstock pretreatment and/or catalysis, or reactor-bed catalysis can be used to improve specific product yields (7). Reactor system developers need to examine what they can produce and make this information available to chemical manufacturers and suppliers/owners of biomass feedstocks. This assumes that analysis of die entire liquid product from thermal conversion can be made, including quantitative analysis for any compounds that are being considered for recoveiy. Physical characterization - pH, viscosity, solids content, etc.is also needed. However, what can be produced is of no value, if it cannot be recovered or used economically. This involves examining the trade-offs between yield and current commercial value, recovery costs, and potential commercial value,... 

Realizing the goals of the US DOE 30x 30 initiative will require the development, standardization and validation of hundreds of new analytical methods specifically for biomass. The data generated from these analytical methods will be used to evaluate feedstocks, optimize reactors and determine process economics for bench-scale to commercial-scale processes that convert biomass feedstocks to liquid transportation fuels. Efficient utilization of the slate of biomass feedstocks proposed in the DOE Billion Ton Study will require a multitude of individual analytical methods capable of tracking as many as 20 constituents from feedstock to products. 

A plasma-chemical reactor, based on the atmospheric-pressme gliding arc (see Section 10.2.5), has been used for syngas production by partial oxidation of liquid aviation fuels (Czemichowski et al., 2004). Specifically, the analyzed aviation fuels were JP-8 and heavy naphtha with composition close to jet fuel. The initial temperature in the system... 

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