Conversion, catalytic

In the early 1920s Badische Arulin- und Soda-Fabrik aimounced the specific catalytic conversion of carbon monoxide and hydrogen at 20—30 MPa (200—300 atm) and 300—400°C to methanol (12,13), a process subsequendy widely industrialized. At the same time Fischer and Tropsch aimounced the Synth in e process (14,15), in which an iron catalyst effects the reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen to produce a mixture of alcohols, aldehydes (qv), ketones (qv), and fatty acids at atmospheric pressure. 

Liquid Fuels. Liquid fuels can be obtained as by-products of low temperature carbonization by pyrolysis, solvent refining, or extraction and gasification followed by catalytic conversion of either the coal or the products from the coal. A continuing iaterest ia Hquid fuels has produced activity ia each of these areas (44—46). However, because cmde oil prices have historically remained below the price at which synthetic fuels can be produced, commercialization awaits an economic reversal. 

The purified raw gas goes to a Synthol (Eischer-Tropsch) unit for catalytic conversion of CO and H2 to Hquid fuels. The tars and oils obtained from quenching the raw gas from the gasifiers go to a Phenosolvan plant to provide tar products for the refinery and ammonia for fertilizer. The Synthol plant has seven reactors, each with 1.9 x 10 m /h (1.6 x 10 ft /d) gas feed. Annual plant production is 1.5 x 10 t motor fuels, 185 x 10 t ethylene,... 

The special case involving the removal of a low (2—3 mol %) mole fraction impurity at high (>99 mol%) recovery is called purification separation. Purification separation typically results in one product of very high purity. It may or may not be desirable to recover the impurity in the other product. The separation methods appHcable to purification separation include equiUbrium adsorption, molecular sieve adsorption, chemical absorption, and catalytic conversion. Physical absorption is not included in this Hst as this method typically caimot achieve extremely high purities. Table 8 presents a Hst of the gas—vapor separation methods with their corresponding characteristic properties. The considerations for gas—vapor methods are as follows (26—44). 

Favor catalytic conversion when impurities can be converted into desired product further purification and/or separation steps may be uimecessary. 

Because of destmetive nature, catalytic conversion can be eliminated from further consideration if impurities are desired product. 

Catalytic conversion can reach levels of <1-10 ppm of original contaminant. 

J. E. Germain, Catalytic Conversion of Hydrocarbons, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1969. 

The primary determinant of catalyst surface area is the support surface area, except in the case of certain catalysts where extremely fine dispersions of active material are obtained. As a rule, catalysts intended for catalytic conversions utilizing hydrogen, eg, hydrogenation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrodenitrogenation, can utilize high surface area supports, whereas those intended for selective oxidation, eg, olefin epoxidation, require low surface area supports to avoid troublesome side reactions. 

The catalytic conversion of gas oil is weU approximated by a second-order reaction where sv = space velocity (12). 

Gasification. Gasification of coal is used to provide gaseous fuels by surface and underground appHcations, Hquid fuels by indirect Hquefaction, ie, catalytic conversion of synthesis gas, and chemicals from conversion of synthesis gas. There are also appHcations in steelmaking (see Coal conversion PROCESSES, gasification). 

The first demonstration of catalytic conversion of synthesis gas to hydrocarbons was accompHshed ia 1902 usiag a nickel catalyst (42). The fundamental research and process development on the catalytic reduction of carbon monoxide was carried out by Fischer, Tropsch, and Pichler (43). Whereas the chemistry of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is complex, generalized stoichiometric relationships are often used to represent the fundamental aspects ... 

The following sequence of steps is involved in the catalytic conversion of reactants to products ... 

Ultimately, pollution can only be avoided by complete removal of SO2 from the effluent gases, but this council of perfection is both technologically and economically unattainable. Many processes are available to reduce the SO2 concentration to very low figures, but the vast scale of power generation and domestic heating by coal and oil still results in substantial emission. SO2 can be removed by scrubbing with a slurry of milk of lime , CafOH) . Alternatively, partial reduction to H2S using natural gas (CH4), naphtlia or coal, followed by catalytic conversion to elemental sulfur by the Claus process can be used ... 

Catalytic Conversion of CO2 in an Ionic Liquid/scC02 Biphasic Mixture... 

American Chemical. Society. (1996). A Mational Histone Chemical Landmark The Houdry Process for the Catalytic Conversion of Crude Petroleum to I ligh-Octane Gasoline. Washington, DC American Chemical Society. Buonora, P. T. (1998). Aimer IVicAfee at Gulf Oil. Chemical Heritage 16(2) 5-7, 44—4G. 

Shortly after World War I, Badische Amlin patented the catalytic conversion of synthesis gas to methanol, and Fischer and Tropsch (F-T) announced a rival process in which an iron catalyst converted synthesis gas into a mixture of oxygenated hydrocarbons. Later,... 

Catalytic conversion processes include naphtha catalytic reforming, catalytic cracking, hydrocracking, hydrodealkylation, isomerization, alkylation, and polymerization. In these processes, one or more catalyst is used. A common factor among these processes is that most of the reactions are initiated hy an acid-type catalyst that promotes carhonium ion formation. 

Rofer-Depoorter, C. K., Water Gas Shift from Fischer Tropsch, in Catalytic Conversions of Synthesis Gas and Alcohols to Chemicals, edited hy R. G. Herman, Plenum, New York, 1984. 

McDermott, J., Catalytic Conversion of Automobile Exhaust 1971. Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, New Jersey, 1971. 

Twenty-Five Years of Synthesis of Gasoline by Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen Helmut Pichler... 

Optimum catalytic conversion of iron to insoluble ferric hydroxide is achieved when the following conditions are met ... 

The commercial production of stabilized liquid sulfur trioxide and the assessment of its advantages led to increased use [47-49]. Later development of specialized sulfur burners with catalytic conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide in air by vanadium pentoxide has established this method as an alternative to liquid sulfur trioxide. 

Dialkyl phosphites are added to unsaturated compounds in the presence of sodium ethylate or triethylamine forming, for instance, 2-(dialkylphosphono) propionic ester [152]. The same compounds are obtained by catalytic conversion of phosphites with propiolactones [153,154] see Eq. (85) ... 

San Francisco, Ca., Spring 1997, p.578-9. 012 CATALYTIC CONVERSION PROCESS FOR RECYCLING NAVY SHIPBOARD PLASTIC WASTES... 

---