Liquid hydrocarbon fuel, properties

Instantaneous maps of the mixture fraction, temperature, and main combustion products (H2O, CO2, CO) are shown in Figure 7.4 for the n-heptane. N-heptane is a fuel commonly used in engines. Its cetane number is approximately 56, which is typical for diesel fuel, because its properties of ignition and combustion are similar to those of diesel fuel [7]. The n-heptane has received substantial interest because it is a major component of the primary reference fuel (PRF) in internal combustion engine studies [6] and is considered a surrogate for liquid hydrocarbon fuels used in many propulsion and power generation systems [8]. 

The products of bio-oil and biocrude HT have properties similar to the petroleum-derived liquid hydrocarbon fuels that are the commercial products of commerce in... 

Combustion. The primary reaction carried out in the gas turbine combustion chamber is oxidation of a fuel to release its heat content at constant pressure. Atomized fuel mixed with enough air to form a close-to-stoichiometric mixture is continuously fed into a primary zone. There its heat of formation is released at flame temperatures deterruined by the pressure. The heat content of the fuel is therefore a primary measure of the attainable efficiency of the overall system in terms of fuel consumed per unit of work output. Table 6 fists the net heat content of a number of typical gas turbine fuels. Net rather than gross heat content is a more significant measure because heat of vaporization of the water formed in combustion cannot be recovered in aircraft exhaust. The most desirable gas turbine fuels for use in aircraft, after hydrogen, are hydrocarbons. Fuels that are liquid at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature are the most practical and widely used aircraft fuels kerosene, with a distillation range from 150 to 300 °C, is the best compromise to combine maximum mass —heat content with other desirable properties. For ground turbines, a wide variety of gaseous and heavy fuels are acceptable. 

Liquid hydrazine, 13 586 Liquid hydrocarbons, in fluidized-bed processes, 20 169-170 Liquid hydrogen delivery of, 13 853 energy density of, 13 839 physical and thermodynamic properties of, 13 762-763t as a rocket fuel, 13 800 storage of, 13 785-786 Liquid hydrogen sulfide, 23 630, 633 Liquid hydrogen tank levitation system, 23 866... 

Investigators have used the words carbon and soot to describe a wide variety of carbonaceous solid materials, many of which contain appreciable amounts of hydrogen as well as other elements and compounds that may have been present in the original hydrocarbon fuel. The properties of the solids change markedly with the conditions of formation and, indeed, several quite well-defined varieties of solid carbon may be distinguished. One of the most obvious and important differences depends on how the carbon is formed carbon may be formed by a homogeneous vapor-phase reaction it may be deposited on a solid surface that is present in or near the reaction zone or it may be generated by a liquid-phase pyrolysis. 

This paper touches on the chemistry of coal gasification and liquefaction comments on the current status of conversion processes and the influence of coal properties on coal performance in such processes and examines the contributions which coal conversion could make towards attainment of Canadian energy self-sufficiency. Particular attention is directed to a possible role for the medium-btu gas in long-term supply of fuel gas to residential and industrial consumers to linkages between partial conversion and thermal generation of electric energy and to coproduction of certain petrochemicals, fuel gas and liquid hydrocarbons by carbon monoxide hydrogenation. 

The current RP-1 hydrocarbon fuel used in high thrust boosters is an example of a special kind of tailoring. This hydrocarbon blend or distillation cut was selected to meet a series of special property and combustion requirements for liquid oxygen-oxidized high thrust systems. 

Since late 2007, the Energy Biosciences Institute in Berkeley has been the center for cooperation between scientists from the University of California and the Agricultural Department of the University of Illinois for the production of fuels from so-called energy crops like switch grass. In this second-generation biofuel project that is financed over a 10-year period with 500 million by oil company BP, biomass is converted with the help of synthetic catalysts, for example, organometallic compounds, in a special solvent medium, better known as ionic liquids, into hydrocarbons with properties close to automotive fuels. 

The volume provides short discussions that are introductory notes and then provides data in the form of tables. There are five chapters that cover the subjects of corrosion, material properties and selection information, properties of various liquids, gases and fuels, properties of hydrocarbons and fuel properties, guidelines on fire protection, and chemical safety data. 

The relationships among hydroconversion of the coal liquids, sulfur distribution, and other important fuel properties still need to be evaluated. They are part of the S W-Gulf development program now under study. This paper summarizes some of the preliminary investigations carried out as a prelude to the development program. Data on reactions by which aromatic molecules are converted to gas are reviewed and correlated consideration is also given to the formation of aromatic molecules during pyrolysis of hydrocarbons. 

The nature of existing fuels as a complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons lends itself well to adjustment of properties by choice of fraction, blending, treatment, etc., so that the properties of the fuel can be tailored to meet the demands of particular applications. The fuels are essentially non-polar organic solvents, and readily dissolve a variety of additives. Thus, military fuels can be based on commercial fuels, but with adjusted properties. For example, JP 8 is essentially identical to commercial Jet A-l, but with the addition of a military additive pack to account for the more demanding military requirements. This includes antioxidants to prevent fuel oxidation, metal deactivators to counteract metals, fuel system icing inhibitor to prevent water in fuel from freezing, and a corrosion inhibitor/lubricity enhancer to prevent corrosion and fuel pump failure.1... 

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