Liquid fuels production

Fig. 10. Liquid-fuel production by flash pyrolysis usiag char recycle.

To obtain light ends conversion, alkylation and polymerization are used to increase the relative amounts of liquid fuel products manufactured. Alkylation converts olefins, (propylene, butylenes, amylenes, etc.), into high octane gasoline by reacting them with isobutane. Polymerization involves reaction of propylene and/or butylenes to produce an unsamrated hydrocarbon mixture in the motor gasoline boiling range. 

Syngas cleanup system - low or high temperature and processes used to remove sulfur, nitrogen, particulates, and other compounds that may impact the suitability of the syngas for specific applications (i.e., turbine and fuel cell for electric power generation, hydrogen production, liquid fuel production, or chemical production). 

Yokoyama, S., Suzuki, A., Murakami, M., Ogi, T., Koguchi, K., Nakamura, E. 1987. Liquid fuel production from sewage sludge by catalytic conversion using sodiumcarbonate. Fuel 66 1150-1155. 

Based on currently proven energy plantation area In Ontario of about 500,000 hectares and poplar yields of about 9 oven-dry tonnes per hectare per year (about 4 oven-dry tons per acre per year) plus about one million tonnes per year of wood residues. These feedstock quantities would produce about 2-3% of the total petroleum consumption. Some additional production is possible by expansion of the energy plantation area. (An additional one and one-half million hectares would increase the percentage liquid fuel production to about 8-10%.)... 

Direct burning is clearly less costly than gasification, which, in turn, is much less costly than liquefaction (Table XI). (The U.S. Dept, of Energy (25) has recently estimated similar liquid fuel production costs.)... 

The priorities in terms of liquid fuel production in Canada should be exploration for crude oil, further development of the oil sands, and, perhaps, liquefaction of coal. Liquefaction of wood should be pursued at a lower priority. Nevertheless, the attraction of security of supply of liquid fuel from a renewable resource does justify some research, development and demonstration on wood production and wood liquefaction. 

Feinberg DA (1984) Technical and economic analysis of liquid fuel production from microalgae. DOE Report SERI/TP-231-2608. Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, CO... 

The 100 BPD MTG project was extended recently to demonstrate a related fluid bed process for selective conversion of methanol to light olefins (MTO). The products of the MTO reaction make an excellent feed to the commercially available Mobil Olefins to Gasoline and Distillate process (MOGD) which selectively converts olefins to premium transportation fuels ( 1). A schematic of the combined processes is shown in Figure 1. Total liquid fuels production is typically greater than 90 wt% of hydrocarbon in the feed. Distillate/gasoline product ratios from the plant can be adjusted over a wide range to meet seasonal demands. 

A possible process for liquid fuel production based on the above indications would include the following steps ... 

Liquefaction. Since the 1970s attempts have been made to commercialize biomass pyrolysis for combined waste disposal—liquid fuels production. None of these plants were in use in 1992 because of operating difficulties and economic factors only one type of biomass liquefaction process, alcoholic fermentation for ethanol, is used commercially for the production of liquid fuels. 

The MTG process was developed for synfuel production in response to the 1973 oil crisis and the steep rise in crude prices that followed. Because methanol can be made from any gasifiable carbonaceous source, including coal, natural gas, and biomass, the MTG process provided a new alternative to petroleum for liquid fuels production. New Zealand, heavily dependent on foreign oil imports, utilizes the MTG process to convert vast offshore reserves of natural gas to gasoline (59). 

The declining reserves of lighter crude oil has resulted in an increasing need to develop options (Chapter 8) to upgrade the abundant supply of known heavy oil reserves. In addition, there is considerable focus and renewed efforts on adapting recovery techniques to the production of heavy oil. In fact, the occurrence of petroleum and its use as the source of much-needed liquid fuels is the key to the future of liquid fuels production (Table 1-2). 

The production of various half-finished products of petrochemical synthesis and liquid fuels from natural gas is the most important objective connected with the crude oil economy and the creation of highly effective chemical engineering processes. In this connection, investigations performed by the Sandra National Laboratory (USA) are of special interest. This company designs enzyme mimics for catalytic activation of low-molecular gaseous alkanes in liquid fuel production [74], Two directions of their activity should be outlined ... 

Yildiz, B., and M. Kazimi. 2003. Nuclear Options for Hydrogen and Hydrogen-Based Liquid Fuels Production. MIT-NES-TR-001. Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems, Cambridge, Mass. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

As shown by Fig. 2.9, ethylene and hydrogen production are lower with increa g aromaticity of the gas oil feedstock. By contrast, liquid fuel production increases (fracdon above 200 ... 

Temperature is one of the most important factors that affect the process of plastics pyrolysis. The required temperature varies with different types of plastics and the desired composition of products. At a temperature above 600°C, the products are mainly composed of mixed fuel gases such as H2, CH4 and light hydrocarbons At 400-600°C, wax and liquid fuel are produced. The liquid fuel products consist mainly of naphtha, heavy... 

Prakash et al. [79] reported that the reaction time required to achieve the highest conversion rate from plastics to oil decreased with increase of temperature, and the conversion rate of plastics increased, but the selectivity of liquid fuel products decreased dramatically. 

The RON of gasoline obtained by thermal cracking or catalytic cracking is generally just about 80, and the flash point of diesel oil product is also very low. By isomerization and aromatization, catalytic reforming of cracked gas can greatly improve the quality of liquid fuel products. 

C. Commercial Prospects for Natural Liquid Fuels Production... 

Similarly, in the case of liquid fuel production, coconut shell, cotton gin waste, groundnut shell, coconut coir and rice husk show better properties. 

By operating an air-blown, fluidized-bed reactor at about 590 to 600°C, Biocarbons Corporation has been able to produce a water-insoluble liquid product that is phenolic in nature. While product yields are lower than for fast pyrolysis processes designed to maximize liquid fuel production from biomass, the selectivity is 100% no further product separation is required before the oil can be used to make adhesive. 

LIQUID FUELS PRODUCTION FROM WOOD - ESTIMATED INVESTMENT... 

An oxygen fired, high pressure gasifier necessary for chemicals and liquid fuel production. 

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